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Out of 348 samples analyzed,\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were detected in 209 (60%) of the samples, of which 41 (20%) were\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 48 (23%) were\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecium.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Both strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 35 isolates (39%) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). Among the tested antibiotics, resistance rates were particularly high for tetracycline (66% in\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 69% in\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and erythromycin (56% and 58%, respectively); resistance to vancomycin (10% in each species) and ciprofloxacin (12% in\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 13% in\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was low but consistently occurred in combination with resistance to other antibiotics and exclusively within multidrug resistance patterns. All isolates formed biofilms, with 55% being strong producers, of which 88% carried the\n                    <jats:italic>gelE<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\/or\n                    <jats:italic>efa<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Strong biofilm formation was correlated with higher MDR rates (51% in strong biofilm producers and 25% in weak producers), peaking at 58% in\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strong producers. Risk scoring classified up to 40% of isolates as high risk. These findings suggest that enterococci may contribute to food contamination and serve as potential reservoirs of resistance and virulence, underscoring the relevance of farm-level hygiene, rational antibiotic use, and targeted surveillance within a One Health framework.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-11061-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:10:11Z","timestamp":1768461011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tracking persistent and resistant Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium from farm to fork: biofilm-linked risks in antibiotic resistance of isolates"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Kursat","family":"Koskeroglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurhan Ertas","family":"Onmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dursun Alp","family":"Gundog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candan","family":"Gungor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guven","family":"Gungor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1lm\u00e1n","family":"Imre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Morar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"11061_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01534","volume":"6","author":"AC Anderson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anderson AC, Jonas D, Huber I, Karygianni L, W\u00f6lber J, Hellwig E, Arweiler N, Vach K, Wittmer A, Al-Ahmad A (2016) Enterococcus faecalis from food, clinical specimens, and oral sites: prevalence of virulence factors in association with biofilm formation. 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