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Etiologically, bacterial mastitogens are intensively investigated. Conversely, yeast-associated mastitis, particularly\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, has received comparatively less attention in buffaloes. The present study aimed to perform species-level molecular identification of\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates obtained from Anatolian buffaloes and dairy cows with subclinical mastitis, to characterize the selected virulence gene profiles, and to evaluate antifungal susceptibility patterns. Milk samples were collected on an udder-quarter basis from 1188 quarters of 301 buffaloes and 1321 quarters of 332 dairy cows raised in smallholder farms. Following phenotypic yeast isolation, presumptive\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were subjected to an Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)-based PCR approach followed by sequence-based identification. The results were compared with chromogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    agar findings. The presence of\n                    <jats:italic>ALS1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>SAP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>PLB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence genes was investigated in\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Antifungal susceptibility testing via the disk diffusion method was performed. A total of 192\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were recovered, predominantly representing non-\n                    <jats:italic>albicans Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    species in both host species.\n                    <jats:italic>Pichia kudriavzevii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Candida krusei<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>Kluyveromyces marxianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Candida kefyr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were the most frequently identified species.\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected exclusively in buffalo-derived samples (2\/93; 2.15%). Both isolates carried the\n                    <jats:italic>SAP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence gene, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>ALS1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>PLB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    were not detected. Sequencing-based identification showed high agreement (94.9%) with chromogenic agar results. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed reduced susceptibility to the antifungal agents tested. In conclusion, the predominance of non-\n                    <jats:italic>albicans Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, together with the observed virulence and susceptibility-related findings, emphasizes the importance of accurate species-level identification in the diagnosis of mycotic mastitis. The data generated provide region-specific baseline information that may support improved diagnostic approaches and inform mastitis management strategies in dairy herds. This study may provide the first molecular evidence from T\u00fcrkiye demonstrating the presence of the\n                    <jats:italic>SAP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence gene in\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates originating from Anatolian buffaloes with mastitis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11158-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T05:43:50Z","timestamp":1774071830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular identification with virulence gene profiles and in-vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species associated with subclinical mastitis in Anatolian buffaloes and dairy cows"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6527-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O\u011fuz Ka\u011fan","family":"T\u00fcredi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0969-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra","family":"\u015eeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"11158_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1994.tb04898.x","volume":"102","author":"B Aalb\u00e6k","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aalb\u00e6k B, Stenderup J, Jensen HE, Valbak J, Nylin B, Huda A (1994) Mycotic and algal bovine mastitis in Denmark. 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Sampling was conducted within standard herd health management practices without causing pain, distress, or harm to the animals. In accordance with national animal welfare regulations, the Afyon Kocatepe University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (AKUHADYEK) confirmed that ethical approval was not required for this study (Decision No. 49533702\/239; March 25, 2020).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"209"}}