{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T08:46:07Z","timestamp":1776501967786,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Graduate Student from the World-leading Innovative and Smart Education (WISE) Program (1801) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20wm0125008 and JP223fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20wm0125008 and JP223fa627005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007684","name":"Asahi Glass Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006731","name":"Mitsui and Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R180029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R180029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11168-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T05:30:59Z","timestamp":1774848659000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence of tuberculosis and hematological variations in captive and orphaned wild elephants (Elephas maximus maximus) in Sri Lanka"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5358-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saman K","family":"Piyadasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2401-5403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buddhika","family":"Bandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9534-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malaka K","family":"Abeywardana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3470-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan K","family":"Mikota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7464-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samitha","family":"Lakmal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9976-5311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelum","family":"Aberathne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6311-6305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashoka","family":"Dangolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3068-2586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harsha","family":"Ariyarathna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6718-6012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sagara N","family":"Kumara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2684-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Champa N","family":"Ratnatunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3281-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michito","family":"Shimozuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3447-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeewan","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9194-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chie","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1313-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8314-1233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshio","family":"Tsubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"11168_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740951","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5740951","volume":"2018","author":"F Abay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abay F, Yalew A, Shibabaw A, Enawgaw B (2018) Hematological abnormalities of pulmonary tuberculosis patients with and without HIV at the university of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. Tuberc Res Treat 2018(1):740951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/5740951","journal-title":"Tuberc Res Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"11168_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.51966\/jvas.2024.55.2.465-470","volume":"55","author":"D Abraham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abraham D, Ravishankar C, Deepa PM, Sumod K, Bipin KC, Rajani CV, Vijayakumar K (2024) Evaluation of a Dot ELISA for tuberculosis screening in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). J Vet Anim Sci 55(2):465\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51966\/jvas.2024.55.2.465-470","journal-title":"J Vet Anim Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"11168_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1612.100862","volume":"16","author":"T Angkawanish","year":"2010","unstructured":"Angkawanish T, Wajjwalku W, Sirimalaisuwan A, Mahasawangkul S, Kaewsakhorn T, Boonsri K, Rutten VPMG (2010) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of domesticated Asian elephants, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 16(12):1949\u20131951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1612.100862","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"11168_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713663","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.713663","volume":"8","author":"T Angkwanish","year":"2021","unstructured":"Angkwanish T, Vernooij HJCM, Sirimalaisuwan A, Charernpan P, Nielen M, Rutten VPMG (2021) Prevalence and demographic risk factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) based on serological assays. Front Vet Sci 8:713663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.713663","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"11168_CR5","first-page":"11","volume":"29","author":"C Arivazhagan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arivazhagan C, Sukumar R (2008) Constructing age structures of Asian elephant populations: a comparison of two field methods of age estimation. Gajah 29:11\u201316","journal-title":"Gajah"},{"issue":"4","key":"11168_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00010-10","volume":"17","author":"BM Buddle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buddle BM, Wilson T, Denis M, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, Lyashchenko KP, Liggett S, MacKintosh CG (2010) Sensitivity, specificity, and confounding factors of novel serological tests used for the rapid diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus). Clin Vaccine Immunol 17(4):626\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00010-10","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"11168_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161439","volume":"23","author":"BM Chandranaik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chandranaik BM, Shivashankar BP, Umashankar KS, Nandini P, Giridhar P, Byregowda SM, Basavegowdanadoddi Marinaik Shrinivasa (2017) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in free-roaming wild Asian elephant. Emerg Infect Dis 23(3):555\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2303.161439","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"11168_CR8","first-page":"3","volume":"37","author":"W Dayanada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dayanada W, Weerakoon DK (2012) Visitor survey of the Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage, Sri Lanka. Gajah 37:3\u201310","journal-title":"Gajah"},{"issue":"5","key":"11168_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.03.011","volume":"144","author":"S de Silva","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Silva S, Ranjeewa ADG, Weerakoon D (2011) Demography of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) at Uda Walawe National Park, Sri Lanka based on identified individuals. Biol Conserv 144(5):1742\u20131752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.03.011","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"11168_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580476","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.580476","volume":"7","author":"RA Dwyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dwyer RA, Witte C, Buss P, Goosen WJ, Miller M (2020) Epidemiology of tuberculosis in multi-host wildlife systems: implications for black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros. Front Vet Sci 7:580476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.580476","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"11168_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5167\/uzh-59037","volume":"35","author":"P Fernando","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fernando P, Jayewardene J, Prasad T, Hendavitharana W, Pastorini J (2011) Current status of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka. Gajah 35:93\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5167\/uzh-59037","journal-title":"Gajah"},{"issue":"1","key":"11168_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15278-9","volume":"7","author":"G Ghielmetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghielmetti G, Coscolla M, Ruetten M, Friedel U, Loiseau C, Feldmann J, Steinmetz HW, Stucki D, Gagneux S (2017) Tuberculosis in Swiss captive Asian elephants: microevolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis characterized by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis and whole-genome sequencing. Sci Rep 7(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-15278-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"11168_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00038-09","volume":"16","author":"R Greenwald","year":"2009","unstructured":"Greenwald R, Lyashchenko O, Esfandiari J, Miller M, Mikota S, Olsen JH, Ball R, Dumonceaux G, Schmitt D, Moller T et al (2009) Highly accurate antibody assays for early and rapid detection of tuberculosis in African and Asian elephants. Clin Vaccine Immunol 16(5):605\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00038-09","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"11168_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(88)91031-6","volume":"89","author":"J Gromadzka-Ostrowska","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Jakubow K, Zalewska B, Krzywicki Z (1988) Haematological and blood biochemical studies in female domesticated Indian elephants (Elephas maximus l). Comp Biochem Physiol 89(3):313\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0300-9629(88)91031-6","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"11168_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818000122","volume":"146","author":"R Hermes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hermes R, Saragusty J, Moser I, Holtze S, Nieter J, Sachse K, Voracek T, Bernhard A, Bouts T, G\u00f6ritz F et al (2018) Bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in elephants. Epidemiol Infect 146(4):481\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268818000122","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"11168_CR15","first-page":"665","volume":"23","author":"T Janyamethakul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Janyamethakul T, Sripiboon S, Somgird C, Pongsopawijit P, Panyapornwithaya V, Klinhom S, Loythong J, Thitaram C (2017) Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Thailand. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 23(4):665\u2013668","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg"},{"issue":"4","key":"11168_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-12-292","volume":"55","author":"TJ Kerr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kerr TJ, de Waal CR, Buss PE, Hofmeyr J, Lyashchenko KP, Miller MA (2019) Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Kruger national park, South Africa. J Wildl Dis 55(4):923\u2013927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/2018-12-292","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"11168_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4038\/slvj.v63i1.2","volume":"63","author":"GDBN Kulasooriya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kulasooriya GDBN, Jayasekara PP, Wijayarathna JMSM, Amarasiri MKUT, Mendis BCG, Siribaddana A, Dangolla A, Kalupahana RS, Fernando BR (2016) Screening of Elephants participating in the Esala Perahera for zoonotic and multidrug resistant bacteria. Sri Lanka Vet J 63(1):9\u201313","journal-title":"Sri Lanka Vet J"},{"issue":"5","key":"11168_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002180","volume":"143","author":"J Lassausaie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lassausaie J, Bret A, Bouapao X, Chanthavong V, Castonguay-Vanier J, Quet F, Mikota SK, Th\u00e9or\u00eat C, Buisson Y, Bouchard B (2015) Tuberculosis in Laos, who is at risk: the mahouts or their elephants? Epidemiol Infect 143(5):922\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268814002180","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"11168_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0144","volume":"83","author":"YM Lekko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lekko YM, Che-Amat A, Ooi PT, Omar S, Mohd-Hamdan DT, Linazah LS, Zakaria Z, Ramanoon SZ, Mazlan M, Jesse FFA et al (2021) Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex antibodies in free-ranged wild boar and wild macaques in selected districts in Selangor and reevaluation of tuberculosis serodetection in captive Asian elephants in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. J Vet Med Sci 83(11):1702\u20131707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.21-0144","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"11168_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.156.6.171","volume":"156","author":"SS Lewerin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lewerin SS, Olsson SL, Eld K, R\u00f6ken B, Ghebremichael S, Koivula T, K\u00e4llenius G, B\u00f6lske G (2005) Outbreak of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among captive Asian elephants in a Swedish zoo. Vet Rec 156(6):171\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.156.6.171","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"7","key":"11168_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00133-06","volume":"13","author":"KP Lyashchenko","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lyashchenko KP, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, Olsen JH, Ball R, Dumonceaux G, Dunker F, Buckley C, Richard M, Murray S et al (2006) Tuberculosis in elephants: antibody responses to defined antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, potential for early diagnosis, and monitoring of treatment. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13(7):722\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00133-06","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"11168_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00163-12","volume":"19","author":"KP Lyashchenko","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lyashchenko KP, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, Mikota S, Miller M, Moller T, Vogelnest L, Gairhe KP, Robbe-Austerman S, Gai J et al (2012) Field application of serodiagnostics to identify elephants with tuberculosis prior to case confirmation by culture. Clin Vaccine Immunol 19(8):1269\u20131275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00163-12","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"11168_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00120-13","volume":"20","author":"KP Lyashchenko","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lyashchenko KP, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, O\u2019Brien DJ, Schmitt SM, Palmer MV, Waters WR (2013) Rapid detection of serum antibody by dual-path platform VetTB assay in white-tailed deer infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 20(6):945\u2013953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00120-13","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"11168_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.12.013","volume":"214","author":"KP Lyashchenko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lyashchenko KP, Gort\u00e1zar C, Miller MA, Waters WR (2018) Spectrum of antibody profiles in tuberculous elephants, cervids, and cattle. Vet Microbiol 214:89\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.12.013","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"11168_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2305\/fglk6321","volume":"56","author":"M Medawala","year":"2023","unstructured":"Medawala M, Madhushanka S, Ranawana KB (2023) Captive breeding of Asian elephants at the Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage, Sri Lanka. Gajah 56:17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/fglk6321","journal-title":"Gajah"},{"issue":"2","key":"11168_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0402.980217","volume":"4","author":"K Michalak","year":"1998","unstructured":"Michalak K, Austin C, Diesel S, Bacon JM, Zimmerman P, Maslow JN (1998) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection as a zoonotic disease: transmission between humans and elephants. Emerg Infect Dis 4(2):283\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid0402.980217","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"11168_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2011.02.007","volume":"91","author":"SK Mikota","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mikota SK, Maslow JN (2011) Tuberculosis at the human-animal interface: an emerging disease of elephants. Tuberculosis 91(3):208\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tube.2011.02.007","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"11168_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2001)032[0001:EADOMT]2.0.CO;2","volume":"32","author":"SK Mikota","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mikota SK, Peddie L, Peddie J, Isaza R, Dunker F, West G, Lindsay W, Larsen RS, Salman MD, Chatterjee D et al (2001) Epidemiology and diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). J Zoo Wildl Med 32(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/1042-7260(2001)032[0001:EADOMT]2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"11168_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00018","volume":"6","author":"MA Miller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miller MA, Buss P, Roos EO, Hausler G, Dippenaar A, Mitchell E, van Schalkwyk L, Robbe-Austerman S, Waters WR, Sikar-Gang A et al (2019) Fatal tuberculosis in a free-ranging African elephant and one health implications of human pathogens in wildlife. Front Vet Sci 6:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2019.00018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"11168_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1638\/2024-0034","volume":"55","author":"MA Miller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miller MA, Calle PP, Gai J, Sanchez C, Young L (2024) Seroconversion can precede culture confirmed diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) by decades. J Zoo Wildl Med 55(4):1082\u20131087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2024-0034","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"11168_CR31","first-page":"24","volume":"30","author":"S Miththapala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miththapala S (2009) The Uda Walawe Elephant Transit Home-another opportunity missed? Gajah 30:24\u201328","journal-title":"Gajah"},{"issue":"2","key":"11168_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12145","DOI":"10.1002\/2688-8319.12145","volume":"3","author":"A Mohanarangan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohanarangan A, Chinnaiyan S, Kaliyaperumal S, Shanmugavelu S, Desai AA (2022) Age-Specific differences in Asian elephant defecation, dung decay, detection and their implication for dung count. Ecol Sol Evi 3(2):e12145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2688-8319.12145","journal-title":"Ecol Sol Evi"},{"key":"11168_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602296","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1602296","volume":"12","author":"SK Muliya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Muliya SK, Bindhani UT, Kawlni L, Ramakrishna AK, Mirza V, Rahman MU, Kumar V, Huchhaiah R, Kuttappa TC, Sharma S et al (2025) Reference intervals for hematology, serum biochemistry and blood gas parameters in Indian elephants (Elephas maximus indicus) under human care. Front Vet Sci 12:1602296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1602296","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"11168_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703101668","volume":"17","author":"R Murphree","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murphree R, Warkentin JV, John RD, Schaffner W, Jones TF (2011) Elephant-to-human transmission of tuberculosis, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 17(3):366\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1703101668","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"11168_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000265","volume":"141","author":"BL Ong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ong BL, Ngeow YF, Razak MFAA, Yakubu Y, Zakaria Z, Mutalib AR, Hassan L, Ng HF, Verasahib K (2013) Tuberculosis in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Peninsular Malaysia. Epidemiol Infect 141(7):1481\u20131487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268813000265","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"11168_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2020.101962","volume":"123","author":"S Paudel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paudel S, Sreevatsan S (2020) Tuberculosis in elephants: origins and evidence of interspecies transmission. Tuberculosis 123:101962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tube.2020.101962","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"issue":"12","key":"11168_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00236-3","volume":"49","author":"P Peduzzi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, Holford TR, Feinstein AR (1996) A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 49(12):1373\u20131379","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"11168_CR38","first-page":"28","volume":"41","author":"BVP Perera","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perera BVP, Salgadu MA, Gunawardena GSP, de Smith S, Jinadasa NH HRN (2014) First confirmed case of fatal tuberculosis in a wild Sri Lankan elephant. Gajah 41:28\u201331","journal-title":"Gajah"},{"key":"11168_CR39","first-page":"32","volume":"46","author":"TMSK Piyadasa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Piyadasa TMSK, Dangolla A, Rajapaksa C, Rajapakshe E, Horadagoda N, Pushpakumara AP, Windsor P (2017) Postponement of musth in Asian elephants using a GnRH vaccine. Gajah 46:32\u201335","journal-title":"Gajah"},{"key":"11168_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rajbhandari RM, de la Fuente J, Karmacharya D, Mathema S, Maharjan B, Dixit SM, Shrestha N, Queir\u00f3s J, Gort\u00e1zar C, Alves PC (2022) Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in elephants through a One Health approach: a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03356-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03356-8"},{"key":"11168_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randima GDD, Abeysinghe KGDDA, Vandercone RPG, Bamunuarachchige TC (2016) Screening of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in captivity at elephant orphanage, Pinnawala and ETH, Udawalawe for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus type1 (EEHV 1) using direct amplification of pathogen DNA from trunk washes. 2016:27\u201332. 4th international conference on advances in bio-informatics, bio-technology and environmental engineering (ABBE)","DOI":"10.15224\/978-1-63248-091-0-07"},{"issue":"4","key":"11168_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.51966\/jvas.2021.52.4.345-349","volume":"52","author":"M Ranjini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ranjini M, Deepa PM, Vijayakumar K, Janus A, Karthyayini K (2021) Haemato-biochemical changes in tuberculosis infected and healthy Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) from South India. J Vet Anim Sci 52(4):345\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51966\/jvas.2021.52.4.345-349","journal-title":"J Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"11168_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111629","volume":"157","author":"S Reichert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reichert S, Berger V, dos Santos DJF, Lahdenper\u00e4 M, Nyein UK, Htut W, Lummaa V (2022) Age related variation of health markers in Asian elephants. Exp Gerontol 157:111629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111629","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"3","key":"11168_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-015-0535-8","volume":"31","author":"K Rohini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rohini K, Surekha Bhat M, Srikumar PS, Mahesh Kumar A (2016) Assessment of hematological parameters in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Indian J Clin Biochem 31(3):332\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12291-015-0535-8","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"key":"11168_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596379","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.596379","volume":"7","author":"M Ruetten","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruetten M, Steinmetz HW, Thiersch M, Kik M, Vaughan L, Altamura S, Muckenthaler MU, Gassmann M (2020) Iron regulation in elderly Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) chronically infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 7:596379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.596379","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"11168_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-5-1817","volume":"50","author":"H Shojaei","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shojaei H, Magee JG, Freeman R, Yates M, Horadagoda NU, Goodfellow M (2000) Mycobacterium elephantis sp. nov., a rapidly growing non-chromogenic Mycobacterium isolated from an elephant. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50(5):1817\u20131820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/00207713-50-5-1817","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"11168_CR48","first-page":"440","volume":"24","author":"ID Silva","year":"1993","unstructured":"Silva ID, Kuruwita VY (1993) Hematology, plasma, and serum biochemistry values in domesticated elephants (Elephas maximus ceylonicus) in Sri Lanka. J Zoo Wildl Med 24(4):440\u2013444","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"11168_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1638\/2019-0152","volume":"51","author":"S Suga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suga S, Mukai Y, Ishikawa S, Yoshida S, Paudel S, Wada T (2021) Intensive treatment of a captive Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) infected with Mycobacterium caprae in Japan. J Zoo Wildl Med 51(4):1062\u20131066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2019-0152","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"11168_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0113","volume":"83","author":"J Thapa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thapa J, Mikota SK, Gairhe KP, Paudel S, Singh DK, Dhakal IP, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y (2021) Tuberculosis seroprevalence and comparison of hematology and biochemistry parameters between seropositive and seronegative captive Asian elephants of Nepal. Vet Med Sci 83(8):1278\u20131283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.21-0113","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"11168_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0024R1.1","volume":"46","author":"L Vogelnest","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vogelnest L, Hulst F, Thompson P, Lyashchenko KP, Vinette Herrin KA (2015) Diagnosis and management of tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) with a newborn calf. J Zoo Wildl Med 46(1):77\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2014-0024R1.1","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"11168_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0515","volume":"21","author":"SF Weber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weber SF, B\u00e9lard S, Rai S, Reddy R, Belurkar S, Saravu K (2017) Immune thrombocytopenia secondary to tuberculosis: a case and review of literature. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 21(4):466\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.16.0515","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11168-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11168-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11168-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T08:09:51Z","timestamp":1776499791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11168-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["11168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11168-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-7380","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7446","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In this article, there was an error in the formatting of a scientific name within the DUAL PATH PLATFORM (DPP) VetTB assay section. The term \"<i>M bovis<\/i>\" was published without the necessary punctuation. This should instead read \"<i>M. bovis<\/i>\".","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures involving animals in this study were conducted in accordance with ethical standards and approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya (Approval No: VERC-23-007). Consent to participate not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Necessary permissions for conducting research on wild and captive animals were obtained from the Department of Wildlife Conservation (Permit No: WL\/3\/2\/95\/2023) and the Department of National Zoological Gardens (Permit No: DNZG\/O\/REI\/R&E\/4\/S. T. Research\/2024), Sri Lanka. All procedures were conducted according to the animal welfare guidelines and regulations governing the handling of protected wildlife species in Sri Lanka.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Permission"}}],"article-number":"241"}}