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We developed a mouse infection model to investigate the impact of co-infection on host resistance and tolerance to\n                    <jats:italic>Heligmosomoides bakeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    . C57BL\/6 mice were infected with the helminth parasite\n                    <jats:italic>H. bakeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    and Theiler\u2019s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), that both reside in the small intestine. Two infection protocols were used to also investigate the impact of the order of pathogen administration on host resistance and tolerance (H-V protocol: helminth first and V-H protocol: virus first). Non-infected controls,\n                    <jats:italic>H.bakeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    only and TMEV only infected animals were also included. Our data showed that co-infection in the H-V protocol, resulted in significantly improved resistance to\n                    <jats:italic>H.bakeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as measured by 30% lower number of\n                    <jats:italic>H. bakeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    recovered (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.023) and a 57% reduction in eggs in colon (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.035) compared to mice infected with\n                    <jats:italic>H. bakeri only<\/jats:italic>\n                    . It also led to a 39% improvement in tolerance against\n                    <jats:italic>H. bakeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection compared to mice infected with\n                    <jats:italic>H. bakeri only<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.052). The positive impact on the resistance to\n                    <jats:italic>H. bakeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    was evident but less pronounced in mice in the V-H protocol. Our hypothesis that resistance and tolerance of animals are penalised from increased pathogen load is rejected with important implications for disease control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11217-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:06:12Z","timestamp":1777608372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Co-infection with a viral pathogen (Theiler\u2019s murine encephalomyelitis virus) tended to improve host tolerance but significantly enhanced resistance to Heligmosomoides bakeri"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Insani H.","family":"Zulfa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rennos","family":"Fragkoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Doeschl-Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos G. 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