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The research was approved by the ethical review committee at the Hebei Agricultural University (ethical approval number: 2021069). The guidelines of China for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals were followed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"It was not feasible to track IgA levels in colostrum from the same sows continuously for three years as described in Section\u00a0\n                      \n                      , because sows in commercial herds are difficult to retain over three consecutive farrowing cycles. Sows are routinely culled due to declining reproductive performance or limb and hoof injuries. 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