{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:49:17Z","timestamp":1782449357162,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Federal De Tocantins"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gastro\u2011oesophageal reflux (GER) is a common but underdiagnosed anaesthetic complication in dogs. Although locoregional techniques and other intravenous protocols are available to control pain during mastectomy, the use of opioids and their association with intraoperative GER during this procedure are poorly understood. This preliminary study aimed to evaluate and visualise the possible presence of relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) and gastric reflux in swollen breasts undergoing mastectomy. To achieve this, twelve bitches undergoing unilateral mastectomy underwent oesophageal endoscopy during the procedure to visualise relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) and gastric reflux. The anaesthetic protocol included midazolam combined with morphine or tramadol. Gastro\u2011oesophageal reflux was observed in 100% (12\/12) of bitches during endoscopic monitoring, which began approximately 45\u00a0min after induction and continued throughout surgery, with 58% classified as mild and 42% as severe. LES relaxation was observed in all cases. One bitch had pre-existing oesophagitis. The small sample size and the lack of a control group limit generalisability. This preliminary study observed a 100% incidence of intraoperative GER in bitches undergoing mastectomy. However, due to the lack of a non-surgical control group, it was not possible to differentiate whether this was attributable to the surgical procedure itself or the known effects of the opioid-based anaesthetic protocol. These preliminary, hypothesis-generating findings highlight the need for controlled studies to quantify the specific risk associated with mastectomy. Intraoperative vigilance remains essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11290-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T03:20:47Z","timestamp":1779852047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intraoperative gastroesophageal reflux in dogs undergoing mastectomy under opioid-based protocols: a preliminary endoscopic study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Priscila","family":"dos Santos Ribas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heytor Jales","family":"Gurgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Melo","family":"Alves dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena Siqueira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco D\u00e9cio","family":"de Oliveira Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheyla Farhayldes Souza","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta Martins Crivelaro","family":"Thiesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Thiesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Paulo Maia","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"11290_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.82.9.695","volume":"82","author":"RS Costa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Costa RS, Wetmore LA, Stein A (2021) Randomized blinded controlled clinical trial to assess gastroesophageal reflux and regurgitation in dogs undergoing general anesthesia after hydromorphone premedication with or without acepromazine or dexmedetomidine. Am J Vet Res 82:695\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.82.9.695","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"11290_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.14-0602","volume":"77","author":"GC Crociolli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crociolli GC, Cassu RN, Barbero RC, Rocha TLA, Gomes DR, Nic\u00e1cio MG (2015) Gabapentin as an adjuvant for postoperative pain management in dogs undergoing mastectomy. J Vet Med Sci 77:1011\u20131015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.14-0602","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"19","key":"11290_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12192667","volume":"12","author":"ES Flouraki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Flouraki ES, Savvas I, Kazakos G, Anagnostou T, Tsamitas AC, Galatos AD, Raptopoulos D (2022a) Effect of premedication on incidence of gastroesophageal reflux in 270 dogs undergoing general anesthesia. Animals 12(19):2667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12192667","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"3","key":"11290_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030247","volume":"12","author":"ES Flouraki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Flouraki ES, Savvas I, Kazakos G, Pavlidou K, Tsamitas AC, Galatos AD, Raptopoulos D (2022b) Factors affecting intraoperative Gastro\u2013oesophageal reflux in dogs and cats. Animals 12(3):247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12030247","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"20","key":"11290_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.137.20.513","volume":"137","author":"AD Galatos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Galatos AD, Raptopoulos D (1995) Gastro\u2013oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia in the dog: effect of age, positioning and type of surgical procedure. Vet Rec 137(20):513\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.137.20.513","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"11290_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2022.04.005","volume":"192","author":"N Ghosh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghosh N, Kesh K, Ramakrishnan S, Roy S (2022) Opioid use in murine model results in severe gastric pathology attenuated by proton pump inhibition. Am J Pathol 192:1137\u20131150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2022.04.005","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"11290_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12120","volume":"41","author":"RA Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson RA (2014) Maropitant prevented vomiting but not gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs premedicated with acepromazine-hydromorphone. Vet Anaesth Analg 41(4):406\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vaa.12120","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"issue":"5","key":"11290_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04212.x","volume":"31","author":"RE Kraichely","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kraichely RE, Arora AS, Murray JA (2010) Opiate-induced oesophageal dysmotility. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31(5):601\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04212.x","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"11290_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90351-8","volume":"109","author":"RK Mittal","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mittal RK, Holloway RH, Penagini R, Blackshaw LA, Dent J (1995) Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology 109(2):601\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90351-8","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"11290_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030247","volume":"12","author":"I Savvas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Savvas I, Pavlidou K, Anagnostou T, Flouraki E, Kazakos G, Tsamitas AC, Galatos AD, Raptopoulos D (2022) Factors affecting intraoperative Gastro\u2013oesophageal reflux in dogs and cats. Animals 12(3):247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12030247","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"6","key":"11290_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12080","volume":"40","author":"RCR Teixeira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Teixeira RCR, Monteiro ER, Campagnol D, Coelho K, Bressan TF, Monteiro BS (2013) Effects of tramadol alone, in combination with meloxicam or dipyrone, on postoperative pain and analgesic requirement in dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy with or without ovariohysterectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg 40(6):641\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vaa.12080","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"11290_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.78.2.144","volume":"78","author":"S Viskjer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Viskjer S, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m L (2017) Effect of duration of food withholding prior to anesthesia on gastroesophageal reflux and regurgitation in healthy dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. Am J Vet Res 78(2):144\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.78.2.144","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"11290_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051280","volume":"11","author":"C Vullo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vullo C, Tambella AM, Falcone A, Marino G, Catone G (2021) Constant rate infusion of lidocaine, tumescent anesthesia and their combination in dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy. Animals 11(5):1280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11051280","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"3","key":"11290_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000103881","volume":"25","author":"J Weigt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weigt J, M\u00f6nkem\u00fcller K, Peitz U, Malfertheiner P (2007) Multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH-metry for investigation of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis 25(3):179\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000103881","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"11290_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.386","volume":"66","author":"DV Wilson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wilson DV, Evans AT, Miller R (2005) Effects of preanesthetic administration of morphine on gastroesophageal reflux and regurgitation during anesthesia in dogs. Am J Vet Res 66(3):386\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.386","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"11290_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.1.26","volume":"67","author":"DV Wilson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilson DV, Evans AT, Mauer WA (2006) Influence of metoclopramide on gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs. Am J Vet Res 67(1):26\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.67.1.26","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"11290_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00929.x","volume":"26","author":"AC Zacuto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zacuto AC, Marks SL, Osborn J, Douthitt KL, Hollingshead KL, Hayashi K, Kapatkin AS, Wisner ER, Nelson OL (2012) The influence of esomeprazole and cisapride on gastroesophageal reflux during anesthesia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 26(3):518\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00929.x","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11342-w","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000}}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11290-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11290-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11290-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:21:18Z","timestamp":1782447678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11290-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["11290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11290-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-7380","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7446","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised: In the original version of this article, the given and family names of Priscila dos Santos Ribas were incorrectly structured. The name was displayed correctly in all versions at the time of publication.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2026","order":8,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":9,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11342-w","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11342-w","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Par\u00e1 (CEUA-UFPA), protocol no. 2741260522, and conducted in accordance with institutional and national animal welfare standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"348"}}