{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:21:14Z","timestamp":1792783274775,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kastamonu University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/015scty35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is increasingly used as a non-invasive indicator of intracranial pressure and neurological status in both human and veterinary medicine, although physiological factors affecting ONSD measurements in dogs remain insufficiently defined. This study investigated the relationships among body mass (BM), age, serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels, and ultrasonographically measured ONSD in clinically healthy female dogs. Thirty-four female dogs of different ages and BM presented for routine clinical examination were included. ONSD was measured ultrasonographically via a transorbital approach using a microconvex probe, and the mean value of bilateral measurements was used for analysis. Serum E2 and P4 concentrations were determined using ELISA. Correlation analyses (Pearson or Spearman, depending on distribution) and power-law regression models were applied to evaluate associations between variables. Age and E2 were expressed as median (IQR) values [2.5 (1) years and 90.43 (85.03)], whereas BM, P4, and ONSD were reported as mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD (23.15\u2009\u00b1\u20099.72\u00a0kg, 9.04\u2009\u00b1\u20091.96 ng\/mL, and 2.42\u2009\u00b1\u20090.44\u00a0mm, respectively). A moderate negative correlation was observed between P4 and ONSD (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.41,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while no significant relationships were detected between age, BM, E2, and ONSD (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). These findings suggest that P4 may show a modest inverse association with ONSD in clinically healthy female dogs, whereas BM, age, and E2 appear to have minimal influence. Further studies with larger populations are warranted to confirm these findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11318-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T06:50:07Z","timestamp":1780728607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Progesterone is inversely associated with optic nerve sheath diameter in dogs: a cross-sectional analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2186-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Candemir","family":"\u00d6zcan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8231-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00dcmran","family":"Ak\u0131n \u00d6zcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2861-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenan \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131","family":"T\u00fcmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarik","family":"Safak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"11318_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.82.8.667","volume":"82","author":"A Dupanloup","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dupanloup A, Osinchuk S (2021) Relationship between the ratio of optic nerve sheath diameter to eyeball transverse diameter and morphological characteristics of dogs. Am J Vet Res 82:667\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.82.8.667","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"11318_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x19898006","volume":"22","author":"MA Evangelisti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Evangelisti MA, Carta G, Burrai GP, Pinna Parpaglia ML, Cubeddu F, Ballocco I et al (2020) Repeatability of ultrasound examination of the optic nerve sheath diameter in the adult cat: comparison between healthy cats and cats suffering from presumed intracranial hypertension. J Feline Med Surg 22:959\u2013965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612x19898006","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"11318_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.8.724","volume":"76","author":"LA Ilie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ilie LA, Thomovsky EJ, Johnson PA, Bentley RT, Heng HG, Lee HC et al (2015) Relationship between intracranial pressure as measured by an epidural intracranial pressure monitoring system and optic nerve sheath diameter in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 76:724\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.76.8.724","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"11318_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03108-0","volume":"18","author":"D Ivan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ivan D, Ohlerth S, Richter H, Verdino D, Rampazzo A, Pot S (2022) 3T high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, conventional ultrasonography and ultrasound biomicroscopy of the normal canine eye. BMC Vet Res 18:67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03108-0","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"11318_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2003.4.3.265","volume":"4","author":"HC Lee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee HC, Choi HJ, Choi MC, Yoon JH (2003) Ultrasonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter in normal dogs. J Vet Sci 4:265\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4142\/jvs.2003.4.3.265","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"11318_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10820-x","volume":"49","author":"C \u00d6zcan","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00d6zcan C, Bozac\u0131 S, Soyt\u00fcrk BI, T\u00fcmer K\u00c7, Deniz \u00d6, \u015eafak T et al (2025) Cerebrospinal fluid estradiol fluctuations during the estrous cycle and their association with intraocular pressure and optic nerve sheath diameter in dogs: a first report. Vet Res Commun 49:255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10820-x","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"11318_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.26718","volume":"73","author":"T Safak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Safak T, Risvanli A (2022) Udder defense system: Effect of milk SCC level on Th1\/Th2 cytokine balance. J Hell Vet Med Soc 73:4135\u20134140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12681\/jhvms.26718","journal-title":"J Hell Vet Med Soc"},{"key":"11318_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.joacp_171_17","volume":"34","author":"N Sahay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sahay N, Bhadani UK, Guha S, Himanshu A, Sinha C, Bara M et al (2018) Effect of dexmedetomidine on intracranial pressures during laparoscopic surgery: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 34:341\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/joacp.joacp_171_17","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"11318_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12677","volume":"28","author":"JJ Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith JJ, Fletcher DJ, Cooley SD, Thompson MS (2018) Transpalpebral ultrasonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter in healthy dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 28:31\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vec.12677","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"11318_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.70069","volume":"35","author":"CM Valerio-L\u00f3pez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Valerio-L\u00f3pez CM, Murthy VD, Hoehne SN, Mattoon J, Chen AV (2025) Comparison of ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter before and after mannitol administration in dogs with presumed intracranial hypertension. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 35:672\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vec.70069","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"11318_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/s0008-4182(05)80117-6","volume":"40","author":"I Yucel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yucel I, Akar ME, Dora B, Akar Y, Taskin O, Ozer HO (2005) Effect of the menstrual cycle on standard achromatic and blue-on-yellow visual field analysis of women with migraine. Can J Ophthalmol 40:51\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0008-4182(05)80117-6","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11318-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11318-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11318-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:54:19Z","timestamp":1789790059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11318-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["11318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11318-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-7380","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7446","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was conducted with the approval of the Kastamonu University Local Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments (Approval No: 2026\/17; Date: 16.02.2026).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted with the approval of the Kastamonu University Local Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments (Approval No: 2026\/17; Date: 16.02.2026).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Statement of Animal Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"376"}}