{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:19:28Z","timestamp":1792783168314,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidade Federal De Goi\u00e1s","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0039d5757","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis with significant impact on public and veterinary health, with equines acting as potential maintenance hosts of infection. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Lavradeiro horses under semi-feral conditions in Indigenous communities in the state of Roraima, Brazil. A total of 387 serum samples were subjected to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), using antigens of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. from 18 serogroups. The overall prevalence was 15.8% (95% CI: 12.3\u201319.8%), with the most frequent serogroups being Australis, Tarassovi, Autumnalis, and Pomona. Seropositivity was higher among adult animals (17.6%) than foals (9.8%), although not statistically significant. Between sexes, there was no significant difference in positive females (16.8%) and males (14.7%). Horses that lived in areas that were likely to flood had a higher seroprevalence (23.6%). Titers of 800 or higher were found in 23 animals, most of which were from the municipality of Pacaraima. The Australis serogroup was the most common in this group. This study reports the first evidence of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposure in Lavradeiro horses, with higher seroprevalence in flood-prone areas and reactivity to uncommon serovars. Our findings highlight pathogen circulation in equine under semi-feral conditions and the need for integrated surveillance and conservation of the Lavradeiro horse in the Northern Brazilian Amazon.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11328-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T03:48:28Z","timestamp":1780976908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Seroprevalence of Leptospira in Lavradeiro horses, a semi-feral ecotype from the Northern Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Andressa","family":"da Silva Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamires Ataides","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Bryan","family":"Heinemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel Barbosa","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Rodrigues","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Augusto","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca Farias","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramayana Menezes","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Carlini Cunha dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Borsanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"11328_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012","volume":"140","author":"B Adler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adler B, de la Pe\u00f1a Moctezuma A (2010) Leptospira and leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol 140:287\u2013296","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"11328_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2008.26685","volume":"45","author":"DM Aguiar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aguiar DM, Moraes LM, Oliveira DS et al (2008) Preval\u00eancia de anticorpos contra agentes virais e bacterianos em eq\u00fc\u00eddeos do Munic\u00edpio de Monte Negro, Rond\u00f4nia, Amaz\u00f4nia Ocidental Brasileira. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 45:269\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2008.26685","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci"},{"key":"11328_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1801.101892","volume":"18","author":"AS Amilasan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Amilasan AS, Ujiie M, Suzuki M et al (2012) Outbreak of leptospirosis after flood, the Philippines, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 18:91\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1801.101892","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"11328_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-015-0836-4","volume":"71","author":"G Andre-Fontaine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andre-Fontaine G, Aviat F, Thorin C (2015) Waterborne leptospirosis: Survival and preservation of the virulence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in fresh water. Curr Microbiol 71:136\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-015-0836-4","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"11328_CR5","unstructured":"Braga RM (2000) Cavalo lavradeiro em Roraima \u2013 Aspectos hist\u00f3ricos, ecol\u00f3gicos e de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o. 1\u00aa ed. Embrapa, Bras\u00edlia, Brasil, v. 96p"},{"key":"11328_CR6","volume-title":"Cavalo Lavradeiro: aspectos hist\u00f3ricos, situa\u00e7\u00e3o atual, desafios e poss\u00edveis solu\u00e7\u00f5es para sua conserva\u00e7\u00e3o","author":"RM Braga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braga RM (2019) Cavalo Lavradeiro: aspectos hist\u00f3ricos, situa\u00e7\u00e3o atual, desafios e poss\u00edveis solu\u00e7\u00f5es para sua conserva\u00e7\u00e3o. Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, Brasil"},{"key":"11328_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.08.029","volume":"192","author":"MIN Di Azevedo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Azevedo MIN, Lilenbaum W (2022) Equine genital leptospirosis: Evidence of an important silent chronic reproductive syndrome. Theriogenology 192:81\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.08.029","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"11328_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2021.11.002","volume":"38","author":"TJ Divers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Divers TJ (2022) Acute kidney injury and renal failure in horses. Vet Clin Equine Pract 38:13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2021.11.002","journal-title":"Vet Clin Equine Pract"},{"key":"11328_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_6","volume-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","author":"WA Ellis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellis WA (2015) Animal leptospirosis. In: Adler B (ed) Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Springer, Berlin\/Heidelberg, pp 99\u2013137"},{"key":"11328_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992011000100012","volume":"17","author":"F Fornazari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fornazari F, Camossi LG, Silva RC et al (2011) Leptospiral antibodies in wild boars (Sus scrofa) bred in Brazil. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 17:94\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1678-91992011000100012","journal-title":"J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis"},{"key":"11328_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.11.019","volume":"178","author":"F Fornazari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fornazari F, Langoni H, Marson PM et al (2018) Leptospira reservoirs among wildlife in Brazil: Beyond rodents. Acta Trop 178:205\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.11.019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"11328_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636382","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.654034","volume":"8","author":"IB Guedes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guedes IB, Souza GO, Castro JFP et al (2021a) Usefulness of the ranking technique in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to predict the most likely infecting serogroup of Leptospira. Front Vet Sci 8:636382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.654034","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"11328_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101579","volume":"74","author":"IB Guedes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guedes IB, Souza GO, Rocha KS et al (2021b) Leptospira strains isolated from cattle in the Amazon region, Brazil: Evidence of a variety of species and serogroups with a high frequency of the Sejroe serogroup. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 74:101579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101579","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"11328_CR14","unstructured":"IBGE (2024) \u2014 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica. Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Agropecu\u00e1ria | Equinos. https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/explica\/producao-agropecuaria\/equinos\/br.\u00a0Accessed 3 Nov 2025"},{"key":"11328_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-237","volume":"9","author":"G Martins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martins G, Lilenbaum W (2013) The panorama of animal leptospirosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, regarding the seroepidemiology of the infection in tropical regions. BMC Vet Res 9:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-9-237","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"11328_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04220.x","volume":"107","author":"AM Monahan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Monahan AM, Miller IS, Nally JE (2009) Leptospirosis: risks during recreational activities. J Appl Microbiol 107:707\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04220.x","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"11328_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.12.010","volume":"48","author":"MAA Oliveira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oliveira MAA, Leal EA, Correia et al (2017) Human leptospirosis: Occurrence of serovars of Leptospira spp. in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 2008 to 2012. Braz J Microbiol 48:483\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.12.010","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"11328_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100140","volume":"10","author":"SA Orlando","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orlando SA, Perez A, Sanchez E et al (2020) High seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in domestic and wild mammals from a mixed use rescue center in Ecuador: Lessons for One Health based conservation strategies. One Health 10:100140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100140","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"11328_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1201-8","volume":"49","author":"PS Pinto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pinto PS, Libonati H, Lilenbaum W (2017) A systematic review of leptospirosis on dogs, pigs, and horses in Latin America. Trop Anim Health Prod 49:231\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-016-1201-8","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"11328_CR20","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. Available in: www.R-project.org"},{"key":"11328_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.05.197","volume":"68","author":"TMP Ribeiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ribeiro TMP, Correia L, Spohr KAH et al (2018) Risk factors associated with seroreactivity against Leptospira sp. in horses from Brazilian Amazon. J Equine Vet Sci 68:59\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.05.197","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"11328_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10100590","volume":"10","author":"TNA Romanowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Romanowski TNA, Dias RA, Heinemann MB et al (2023) Seroprevalence of equine leptospirosis in the State of Goi\u00e1s, Brazil. Vet Sci 10:590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10100590","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"11328_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ram.2020.09.007","volume":"53","author":"V Saraullo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saraullo V, Loffler SG, Pastorino F et al (2021) First report of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in Tadarida brasiliensis bats (family Molossidae) and Eptesicus furinalis (family Vespertilionidae) of Argentina. New host species in this country? Rev Argent Microbiol 53(3):210\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ram.2020.09.007","journal-title":"Rev Argent Microbiol"},{"key":"11328_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.12.011","volume":"38","author":"TA Tadich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tadich TA, Tapia C, Gonz\u00e1lez D (2016) Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in working horses located in the central region of Chile. J Equine Vet Sci 38:14\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.12.011","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"11328_CR25","unstructured":"Thrusfield M (2007) Veterinary epidemiology, 3rd edn. Blackwell Science Ltd. pp, London, pp 275\u2013290"},{"key":"11328_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ulsenheimer BC, Barboza CL et al (2023) Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in horses from Santar\u00e9m, Par\u00e1. Cienc Anim Bras 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1809-6891v24e-74800E. e-74800P","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-6891v24e-74800E"},{"issue":"2","key":"11328_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2020.1830867","volume":"69","author":"P Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson P, Mannewald A, Collins-Emerson J et al (2020) Serological study of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni and L. borgpetersenii serovars Tarassovi and Ballum in beef cattle, sheep and deer in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 69(2):83\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00480169.2020.1830867","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"11328_CR28","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) (2024) Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. 13th ed. WOAH, Paris, France. Chapter 3.1.12: Leptospirosis"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11328-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11328-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11328-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:55:00Z","timestamp":1789790100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11328-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["11328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11328-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-7380","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7446","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Universidade Federal de Roraima (protocol No. 002\/2021).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"381"}}