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Although the pathological features of\n                    <jats:italic>Macrorhabdus ornithogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection have been extensively described, information regarding local inflammatory cytokine responses in naturally infected birds remains limited. In the present study, archival gastrointestinal tissues obtained from 25 budgerigars naturally infected with\n                    <jats:italic>M. ornithogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 5 non-infected controls were evaluated histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Routine histopathology was performed to characterize tissue lesions, while immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1). Histological lesions were predominantly localized to the proventriculus and consisted of mucosal erosion, ulceration, epithelial degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration associated with abundant fungal organisms. PAS and Gomori methenamine silver staining confirmed the presence and distribution of fungal elements within affected tissues. TNF-\u03b1 immunoreactivity was detected mainly in epithelial and inflammatory cells within lesion affected areas, whereas control tissues exhibited minimal or no immunostaining. These findings demonstrate localized TNF-\u03b1 expression in gastrointestinal tissues affected by\n                    <jats:italic>M. ornithogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and support the presence of an active TNF-\u03b1 inflammatory response associated with macrorhabdosis. This study provides a descriptive baseline data for future quantitative and functional investigations evaluating cytokine-mediated mechanisms in avian fungal gastrointestinal disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11330-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T03:32:15Z","timestamp":1781321535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunohistochemical localization of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in gastrointestinal tissues of budgerigars naturally infected with Macrorhabdus ornithogaster"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Damla","family":"Atay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozlem","family":"Ozmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"11330_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.15547\/bjvm.2019-0035","volume":"23","author":"MM Amer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amer MM, Mekky HM (2020) Avian gastric yeast (AGY) infection (macrorhabdiosis or megabacteriosis). 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