{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:19:51Z","timestamp":1792783191023,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wjc7c48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hedgehogs represent a promising indicator for evaluating environmental health. We investigated the occurrence of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR)\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    in intestinal contents from 49 European hedgehogs (\n                    <jats:italic>Erinaceus europaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) deceased at a Wildlife Rescue Centre in Lombardy, Northern Italy. Bacteriological analysis was performed to isolate 3GCR-\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) profiles of the isolates were evaluated by broth dilution (MIC). The presence of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX\u2212M,<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CMY\u22122<\/jats:sub>\n                    genes was assessed by PCR assay. 3GCR-\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    were detected in 51% of the examined hedgehogs (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200925\/49). The majority of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR); resistance was recorded against the \u03b2-lactams cefotaxime, cefazolin, and ampicillin in 100% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200925\/25) of isolates while amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid in 52% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913\/25). Resistance against enrofloxacin and flumequine was found in 92% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200923\/25) of isolates and tetracycline in 64% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200916\/25). All the isolates were susceptible to colistin and florfenicol, and most of them were susceptible to kanamycin (96%,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200924\/25). The most frequently detected resistance gene was\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    (52%,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913\/25), followed by\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                    (36%,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099\/25) and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX\u2212M<\/jats:sub>\n                    (28%,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097\/25). Seven isolates carried two ESBL genes, five being\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and two\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX\u2212M<\/jats:sub>\n                    . No isolates harbored\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CMY\u22122<\/jats:sub>\n                    gene. Our study provides the first data on the occurrance of 3GCR-\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    in European hedgehogs admitted to a wildlife rescue centre in Northern Italy. However, since the sampled animals were not collected through a field-based survey, the findings should not be considered representative of the wider free-ranging population. Nonetheless, resistance profiles and genomic characterization of these isolates provide useful information on AMR circulation in human-impacted environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11356-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T03:42:26Z","timestamp":1781926946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occurrence of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli in European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from a wildlife rescue centre in Lombardy, Northern Italy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Raineri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Gazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Dilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Maisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Guarneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Formenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. L.","family":"Alborali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. F.","family":"Magistrali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1496-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Rapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Grilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"11356_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100971","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DISAMONTH.2020.100971","volume":"66","author":"MA Abushaheen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abushaheen MA, Muzaheed, Fatani AJ et al (2020) Antimicrobial resistance, mechanisms and its clinical significance. Dis Mon 66:100971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.DISAMONTH.2020.100971","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"key":"11356_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/NRMICRO2312","volume":"8","author":"HK Allen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Allen HK, Donato J, Wang HH et al (2010) Call of the wild: Antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:251\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NRMICRO2312","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"11356_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15010046","volume":"15","author":"S Barbarulo","year":"2026","unstructured":"Barbarulo S, Rampacci E, Primavilla S et al (2026) Characterization of salmonella spp. Isolates from European hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus) in Italy: Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Antibiotics 15:46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics15010046","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"4","key":"11356_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040744","volume":"10","author":"F Bertelloni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bertelloni F, Cilia G, Bogi S et al (2020) Pathotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Tuscany. Animals 10(4):744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10040744","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"7","key":"11356_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14070725","volume":"14","author":"F Bertelloni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bertelloni F, Pauselli F, Cagnoli G et al (2025) Antimicrobial-resistant staphylococcus spp. Harbored by hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus) in central Italy. Antibiotics 14(7):725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14070725","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"11356_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3390\/ANTIBIOTICS12030487","volume":"12","author":"A Caneschi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Caneschi A, Bardhi A, Barbarossa A, Zaghini A (2023) The use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, a complex phenomenon. Narrative Rev Antibiot 2023 12:487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ANTIBIOTICS12030487","journal-title":"Narrative Rev Antibiot 2023"},{"key":"11356_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/ZPH.12182","volume":"62","author":"D Carroll","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carroll D, Wang J, Fanning S, Mcmahon BJ (2015) Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife: Implications for public health. Zoonoses Public Health 62:534\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ZPH.12182","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"11356_CR9","unstructured":"Clinical and laboratory standards institute (2025) CLSI supplement M100 - Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 35th Edition"},{"key":"11356_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Darwich L, Vidal A, Seminati C et al (2019) High prevalence and diversity of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase and emergence of OXA-48 producing enterobacterales in wildlife in catalonia. PLoS ONE 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210686","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210686"},{"key":"11356_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S369023","volume":"16","author":"J Depta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Depta J, Nied\u017awiedzka-Rystwej P (2023) The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance in the polar regions: An overview of the global problem. Infect drug resist 16:1979\u20131995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S369023","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"11356_CR13","unstructured":"EMA (2025) Committee for medicinal products for veterinary use (CVMP) Committee for medicinal products for human use (CHMP). Categorisation of antibiotics in the European Union. Website: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/report\/categorisation-antibiotics-european-union-answer-request-european-commission-updating-scientific-advice-impact-public-health-animal-health-use-antibiotics-animals_en.pdf"},{"key":"11356_CR14","unstructured":"EUCAST (2024) EUCAST reading guide for broth microdilution Version 5.0. www.eucast.org"},{"key":"11356_CR15","unstructured":"EUCAST (2025) Antimicrobial Wild Type Distributions of Microorganisms. Available at: https:\/\/mic.eucast.org\/search\/?search%5Bmethod%5D=mic&search%5Bantibiotic%5D=-1&search%5Bspecies%5D=-1&search%5Bdisk_content%5D=-1&search%5Blimit%5D=50"},{"key":"11356_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01943-07","volume":"46","author":"H Fang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fang H, Ataker F, Hedin G, Dornbusch K (2008) Molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases among Escherichia coli isolates collected in a Swedish hospital and its associated health care facilities from 2001 to 2006. J Clin Microbiol 46:707\u2013712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01943-07","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"11356_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVRES.2016.12.014","volume":"154","author":"LE Furness","year":"2017","unstructured":"Furness LE, Campbell A, Zhang L et al (2017) Wild small mammals as sentinels for the environmental transmission of antimicrobial resistance. Environ Res 154:28\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ENVRES.2016.12.014","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"11356_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garcias B, Aguirre L, Seminati C et al (2021) Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactam resistant klebsiella pneumoniae and escherichia coli in wild European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europeus) living in populated areas. Animals 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11102837","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102837"},{"key":"11356_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17304","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2011.00246","volume":"2","author":"S Guenther","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guenther S, Ewers C, Wieler LH (2011) Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing E. coli in wildlife, yet another form of environmental pollution? Front Microbiol 2:17304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FMICB.2011.00246","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"11356_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","volume":"387","author":"AH Holmes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holmes AH, Moore LSP, Sundsfjord A et al (2016) Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet 387:176\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"11356_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huemer M, Mairpady Shambat S, Brugger SD, Zinkernagel AS (2020) Antibiotic resistance and persistence\u2014Implications for human health and treatment perspectives. EMBO Rep 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/EMBR.202051034","DOI":"10.15252\/EMBR.202051034"},{"key":"11356_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61678-X","volume":"380","author":"WB Karesh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karesh WB, Dobson A, Lloyd-Smith JO et al (2012) Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories. Lancet 380:1936\u20131945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61678-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"11356_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01821-08","volume":"75","author":"GK Kozak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kozak GK, Boerlin P, Janecko N et al (2009) Antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli isolates from Swine and wild small mammals in the proximity of swine farms and in natural environments in Ontario, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:559\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.01821-08","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"11356_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laborda P, Sanz-Garc\u00eda F, Ochoa-S\u00e1nchez LE et al (2022) Wildlife and Antibiotic Resistance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.873989","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.873989"},{"key":"11356_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098614554919","volume":"5","author":"C Llor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Llor C, Bjerrum L (2014) Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem. Ther Adv Drug Saf 5:229\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2042098614554919","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"11356_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB et al (2012) Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 18:268\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"11356_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3390\/MOLECULES23040795","volume":"23","author":"C Manyi-Loh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manyi-Loh C, Mamphweli S, Meyer E, Okoh A (2018) Antibiotic use in agriculture and its consequential resistance in environmental sources: Potential public health implications. Molecules 23:795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/MOLECULES23040795","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"11356_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","volume":"399","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F et al (2022) Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet 399:629\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"11356_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.20506\/RST.31.1.2106","volume":"31","author":"SW Page","year":"2012","unstructured":"Page SW, Gautier P (2012) Use of antimicrobial agents in livestock. OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique 31(1):145\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20506\/RST.31.1.2106","journal-title":"OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique"},{"key":"11356_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2023.101945","volume":"93","author":"I Prandi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prandi I, Bellato A, Nebbia P et al (2023) Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in wild birds hospitalised in a wildlife rescue centre. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 93:101945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2023.101945","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"11356_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152206","volume":"15","author":"I Prandi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Prandi I, Bellato A, Nebbia P et al (2025) Antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli from hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus) admitted to a wildlife rescue center. Animals 15(15):2206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15152206","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"11356_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66221","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2014.00023","volume":"5","author":"H Radhouani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Radhouani H, Silva N, Poeta P et al (2014) Potential impact of antimicrobial resistance in wildlife, environment, and human health. Front Microbiol 5:66221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FMICB.2014.00023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"11356_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.3390\/ANI15152289\/S1","volume":"15","author":"MC Rapi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rapi MC, Filipe J, Filippone Pavesi L et al (2025) Resisting the final line: Phenotypic detection of resistance to last-resort antimicrobials in gram-negative bacteria isolated from wild birds in Northern Italy. Animals 15:2289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ANI15152289\/S1","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"11356_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222031","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0222031","volume":"14","author":"SL Rasmussen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rasmussen SL, Larsen J, Van Wijk RE et al (2019) European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) as a natural reservoir of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying mecC in Denmark. PLoS ONE 14:e0222031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0222031","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11356_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-19-205","volume":"82","author":"MA Rehman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rehman MA, Hasted TL, Persaud-Lachhman MG et al (2019) Genome analysis and multiplex PCR method for the molecular detection of coresistance to cephalosporins and fosfomycin in salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg. J Food Prot 82:1938\u20131949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-19-205","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"11356_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/S13567-022-01102-4","volume":"53","author":"NM Rosa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosa NM, Penati M, Fusar-Poli S et al (2022) Species identification by MALDI-TOF MS and gap PCR-RFLP of non-aureus Staphylococcus, Mammaliicoccus, and Streptococcus spp. associated with sheep and goat mastitis. Vet Res 53:84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13567-022-01102-4","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"11356_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1394-1404.2005","volume":"71","author":"RS Sayah","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sayah RS, Kaneene JB, Johnson Y, Miller RA (2005) Patterns of antimicrobial resistance observed in Escherichia coli isolates obtained from domestic- and wild-animal fecal samples, human septage, and surface water. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:1394\u20131404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1394-1404.2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"11356_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0242987","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0242987","volume":"15","author":"M Skarzynska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skarzynska M, Leekitcharoenphon P, Hendriksen RS et al (2020) A metagenomic glimpse into the gut of wild and domestic animals: Quantification of antimicrobial resistance and more. PLoS ONE 15:e0242987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0242987","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11356_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/JAC\/DKL122","volume":"57","author":"D Skurnik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Skurnik D, Ruimy R, Andremont A et al (2006) Effect of human vicinity on antimicrobial resistance and integrons in animal faecal Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:1215\u20131219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/JAC\/DKL122","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"11356_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030432","volume":"13","author":"C Smoglica","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smoglica C, Vergara A, Angelucci S et al (2023) Antibiotic-resistant bacteria dissemination in the wildlife, livestock, and water of maiella national park, Italy. Animals 13(3):432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13030432","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"11356_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2018.08.180","volume":"649","author":"BMC Swift","year":"2019","unstructured":"Swift BMC, Bennett M, Waller K et al (2019) Anthropogenic environmental drivers of antimicrobial resistance in wildlife. Sci Total Environ 649:12\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2018.08.180","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"11356_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135001","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2019.135001","volume":"717","author":"RT Torres","year":"2020","unstructured":"Torres RT, Fernandes J, Carvalho J et al (2020) Wild boar as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance. Sci Total Environ 717:135001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2019.135001","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"11356_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Torres RT, Cunha MV, Araujo D et al (2022) A walk on the wild side: Wild ungulates as potential reservoirs of multi-drug resistant bacteria and genes, including Escherichia coli harbouring CTX-M beta-lactamases. Environ Pollut 306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119367"},{"key":"11356_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12596","volume":"53","author":"M Vittecoq","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vittecoq M, Godreuil S, Prugnolle F et al (2016) REVIEW: Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife. J Appl Ecol 53:519\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2664.12596","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"11356_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174871","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2016.00173","volume":"7","author":"CJH Von Wintersdorff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Von Wintersdorff CJH, Penders J, Van Niekerk JM et al (2016) Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in microbial ecosystems through horizontal gene transfer. Front Microbiol 7:174871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FMICB.2016.00173","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"11356_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1089\/MDR.2017.0148\/","volume":"24","author":"D Wasyl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wasyl D, Zajc M, Lalak A et al (2018) Antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli isolated from wild animals in Poland. Microb Drug Resist 24:807\u2013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/MDR.2017.0148\/","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"11356_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70317-1","volume":"13","author":"EMH Wellington","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wellington EMH, Boxall ABA, Cross P et al (2013) The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Lancet Infect Dis 13:155\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70317-1","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"11356_CR56","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024) WHO list of medically important antimicrobials a risk management tool for mitigating antimicrobial resistance due to non-human use"},{"key":"11356_CR57","unstructured":"Zimmer B (2024) CLSI M07 Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Wayne, PA, USA"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11356-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11356-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11356-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:54:43Z","timestamp":1789790083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11356-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["11356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-026-11356-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-7380","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7446","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study did not require approval by an ethics committee since all procedures involved animals that had either died naturally or were humanely euthanized following admission to an authorized wildlife rescue center, in accordance with current regulations.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"410"}}