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However, analytical confirmation of such cases is rare. This study describes five clinical cases of canine tremorgenic mycotoxicosis in Germany, together with comprehensive analytical confirmation. All dogs had been presented at the veterinary clinic of Justus-Liebig-University because of acute-onset generalized tremors. Clinical findings, therapeutic measures and final outcome were documented. Samples of gastric content (induced emesis or gastric lavage) and blood serum (if available) were analyzed for several neurotoxic mycotoxins, penitrems A\u2013F, paxilline (PAX), \u03b1-cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), and ergoline alkaloids. Analysis was done by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and by HPLC-MS\/MS. EIA of gastric content was positive for PTA in all samples, and for PAX, CPA, and ergoline alkaloids in some. HPLC-MS\/MS analysis confirmed the presence of penitrems A\u2013F, PAX, and CPA. Trace levels of PTA, PAX and CPA were also detected in serum samples. Penitrem producing\n                    <jats:italic>P. crustosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    was isolated from gastric content of all animals. This is the first full analytical study on acute canine tremorgenic mycotoxicoses in Germany, and presents comprehensive results along the causal chain of tremorgenic mycotoxicosis. In addition to the penitrems, several other neurotoxic mycotoxins (PAX, CPA, ergoline alkaloids) may play a role in canine mycotoxicosis. While immediate stabilisation and symptomatic treatment are paramount, prompt mycotoxin testing can help identify the source of poisoning during differential diagnosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11458-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T06:32:23Z","timestamp":1786429943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Five cases of tremorgenic mycotoxicosis in dogs \u2013 clinical aspects and analytical methods"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7260-3726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Hart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Rehagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Taube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Jozefowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Hassdenteufel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Cramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6mer","family":"Akineden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewald","family":"Usleber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"11458_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6360","DOI":"10.1021\/jf201516f","volume":"59","author":"Y Ackermann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ackermann Y, Curtui V, Dietrich R, Gross M, Latif H, M\u00e4rtlbauer E, Usleber E (2011) Widespread occurrence of low levels of alternariol in apple and tomato products, as determined by comparative immunochemical assessment using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. 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The study did not involve any experimental procedures or interventions beyond standard diagnostic and therapeutic measures. All animals were treated in accordance with current veterinary standards of care and with consideration for their welfare. Formal ethical approval was not required for the retrospective analysis and publication of anonymized clinical data. Informed and written consent for the use of clinical and analytical data was obtained from all animal owners prior to inclusion in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"517"}}