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In marine mammals, fungal infections involving the central nervous system and respiratory tract are uncommon and may pose diagnostic challenges.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case report<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A captive 5-year-old female harbor seal (\n                      <jats:italic>Phoca vitulina<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) from Brazil developed progressive neurological abnormalities over approximately 11 months, initially characterized by cervical dystonia and head deviation, followed by respiratory distress, tremors, opisthotonos, hyperthermia, and apnea. Despite supportive treatment, the animal died. Histopathological examination revealed severe pyogranulomatous encephalitis involving the cerebral cortex and severe multifocal to coalescing pyogranulomatous pneumonia, both associated with extensive necrosis and numerous intralesional hyaline, pauciseptate fungal hyphae measuring approximately 2\u20134\u00a0\u03bcm in diameter, with irregular branching at angles ranging from 30\u00b0 to 90\u00b0, highlighted by Grocott\u2019s methenamine silver staining. Molecular investigation was performed using panfungal PCR targeting the D1\/D2 domain of the 28\u00a0S rDNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Sequence analysis, particularly of the ITS region, identified the fungus as\n                      <jats:italic>S. commune<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with phylogenetic analysis further supporting its placement within the\n                      <jats:italic>S. commune<\/jats:italic>\n                      clade.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first report of disseminated\n                      <jats:italic>S. commune<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection involving the central nervous system and lungs in a harbor seal. The case highlights\n                      <jats:italic>S. commune<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2019s potential to cause severe systemic disease in wildlife and emphasizes the value of integrating histopathological examination with molecular and phylogenetic analyses for accurate identification of fungal pathogens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11559-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:56:43Z","timestamp":1791338203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disseminated and fatal infection by Schizophyllum commune in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) kept under human care in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Jhonatan Henrique Lima","family":"da Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Chrispim","family":"Reisfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Canedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islene Silva","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordana","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica de Brito Ferreira","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella Galesi","family":"Tallach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketlyn Bolsachini","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina Souza Ramos","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia Midori","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo Jos\u00e9 Tadeu","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Possatto Fernandes","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Fernandes","family":"de Paula Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Enrique Navaz","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamile Macedo","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinthya dos Santos Cirqueira","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia Coelho Couto","family":"de Azevedo Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Mariotti","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"11559_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab047","volume":"114","author":"Y Arai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arai Y, Hashimoto Y, Makino S (2021) Schizophyllum commune-induced postoperative endophthalmitis. 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Samples were obtained during routine clinical diagnostic and surveillance. SISBIO\/ICMBio authorization was not required because all procedures were performed as part of routine veterinary clinical management of an ex situ\u2013maintained animal and did not involve activities subject to SISBIO authorization under ICMBio Ordinance No. 748\/2022. The National System of Genetic Patrimony Management and Associated Traditional Knowledge (Ministry of Environment, Federal Government, Brazil), SISGEN number A0AEA5D.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical procedures","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT (version 5.5) in order to improve the grammar, readability, and English language styling of the manuscript. This tool was used in compliance with the publisher's integrity guidelines and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq No. 2.664\/2026). After using this tool, the author(s) thoroughly reviewed, verified, and edited the content as needed. The author(s) take(s) full responsibility and accountability for the final text and the scientific integrity of the publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"616"}}