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Combined with their unique physiological and ecological characteristics, these interactions make them potential hosts for a diverse range of vector-borne agents (VBA). Despite this, relatively few studies have investigated the occurrence of VBA in mammals of the superorder Xenarthra in Brazil. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence and phylogenetic assessment of filarioid nematodes in wild armadillos and anteaters sampled in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Central-Western Brazil. A total of 123 biological samples, comprising 105 blood and 18 spleen samples, were analyzed. The spleen samples were collected from five southern tamanduas (\n                    <jats:italic>Tamandua tetradactyla<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and 13 giant anteaters (\n                    <jats:italic>Myrmecophaga tridactyla<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), whereas the blood samples were obtained from 42 six-banded armadillos (\n                    <jats:italic>Euphractus sexcinctus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), 15 giant armadillos (\n                    <jats:italic>Priodontes maximus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and 44 giant anteaters (\n                    <jats:italic>M. tridactyla<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Following DNA extraction and confirmation of DNA quality by PCR amplification of the mammalian\n                    <jats:italic>gapdh<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, all samples were screened for filarioid DNA using a PCR assay targeting the mitochondrial\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) gene. Samples testing positive in the screening assay were subsequently subjected to PCR amplification of the mitochondrial 12\u00a0S rRNA gene for further molecular characterization. Overall, 53\/123 (43.08%) samples were positive in the\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -based screening PCR, including 24\/42\n                    <jats:italic>E. sexcinctus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 4\/19\n                    <jats:italic>P. maximus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 23\/57\n                    <jats:italic>M. tridactyla<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 2\/5\n                    <jats:italic>T. tetradactyla<\/jats:italic>\n                    samples. Of these, 14\/53 (26.41%) were also positive in the PCR targeting the filiarioid 12\u00a0S rRNA gene, including 11\n                    <jats:italic>E. sexcinctus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , one\n                    <jats:italic>P. maximus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , one\n                    <jats:italic>M. tridactyla<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and one\n                    <jats:italic>T. tetradactyla<\/jats:italic>\n                    sample. Phylogenetic analysis based on the\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene showed that the five sequences obtained from\n                    <jats:italic>E. sexcinctus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the single sequence from\n                    <jats:italic>P. maximus<\/jats:italic>\n                    clustered together in a distinct clade closely related to\n                    <jats:italic>Onchocerca<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., whereas the sequence obtained from\n                    <jats:italic>T. tetradactyla<\/jats:italic>\n                    formed a separate, isolated lineage. In contrast, phylogenetic analysis based on the 12\u00a0S rRNA gene positioned the sequences detected in\n                    <jats:italic>E. sexcinctus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>P. maximus<\/jats:italic>\n                    within the same clade as a unclassified Filariidae previously detected in\n                    <jats:italic>M. tridactyla<\/jats:italic>\n                    from Mato Grosso do Sul. To the best of authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first molecular detection of filarioid nematodes in armadillos. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses based on two independent molecular markers (\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 12\u00a0S rRNA) revealed the occurrence of distinct filarioid lineages associated with mammals of the superorder Xenarthra in Brazil, expanding current knowledge on the diversity and host associations of these parasites in neotropical wildlife.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11570-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:57:30Z","timestamp":1791359850000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular detection and characterization of filarioid nematodes in wild armadillos and anteaters from Central-Western Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Jov\u00eancio Mateus","family":"Sada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Kluyber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vitor dos Santos Alves","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cla\u00fadia","family":"Calchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Ant\u00f4nio Braga","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayara","family":"Caiaffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazielle","family":"Soresini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario H.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina Monteirinho","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Desbiez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Expedito Jos\u00e9","family":"de Albuquerque Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Duron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosangela Zacarias","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00falio A.","family":"Benavides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1713-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Andr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"11570_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. 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