{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T05:52:31Z","timestamp":1768715551899,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virus Genes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-021-01846-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T15:25:49Z","timestamp":1622561149000},"page":"307-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["SARS coronavirus outbreaks past and present\u2014a comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and its predecessors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Zheng Yao","family":"Low","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley Jia Wen","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anshika","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3548-4853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil K.","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1846_CR1","unstructured":"WHO (2020) WHO director-general's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---3-march-2020. Accessed 20 Dec 2020"},{"key":"1846_CR2","unstructured":"Worldometer Coronavirus Update (Live). COVID-19 Virus Pandemic. https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/. Accessed 6 May 2021"},{"key":"1846_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","volume":"26","author":"K Andersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andersen K, Rambaut A, Lipkin W, Holmes E, Garry R (2020) The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 26:450\u2013452","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1846_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60454-8","volume":"386","author":"A Zumla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zumla A, Hui D, Perlman S (2015) Middle east respiratory syndrome. Lancet 386:995\u20131007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1846_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.003","volume":"24","author":"S Su","year":"2016","unstructured":"Su S, Wong G, Shi W et al (2016) Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol 24:490\u2013502","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"1846_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032498","volume":"349","author":"J Peiris","year":"2003","unstructured":"Peiris J, Yuen K, Osterhaus A, St\u00f6hr K (2003) The severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 349:2431\u20132441","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1846_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3391\/mbi.2014.5.1.01","volume":"5","author":"A Alagaili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alagaili A, Briese T, Mishra N et al (2014) Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia. MBio 5:1\u20136","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"1846_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","volume":"367","author":"A Zaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zaki A, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer T, Osterhaus A, Fouchier R (2012) Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med 367:1814\u20131820","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1846_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.3181\/0903-MR-94","volume":"234","author":"P Woo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Woo P, Lau S, Huang Y, Yuen K (2009) Coronavirus diversity, phylogeny and interspecies jumping. Exp Biol Med 234:1117\u20131127","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"1846_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W et al (2020) A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 382:727\u2013733","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1846_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2","volume":"1","author":"S Weiss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weiss S, Leibowitz J (2011) Coronavirus pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 1:85\u2013164","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"1846_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(93)90030-B","volume":"37","author":"L Saif","year":"1993","unstructured":"Saif L (1993) Coronavirus immunogens. Vet Microbiol 37:285\u2013297","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"1846_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","volume":"8","author":"Z Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y et al (2020) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 8:420\u2013422","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"1846_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-6-1273","volume":"82","author":"V Thiel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Thiel V, Herold J, Schelle B, Siddell S (2001) Infectious RNA transcribed in vitro from a cDNA copy of the human coronavirus genome cloned in vaccinia virus The GenBank accession number of the sequence reported in this paper is AF304460. J Gen Virol 82:1273\u20131281","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"1846_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_1","volume":"1282","author":"A Fehr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fehr A, Perlman S (2015) Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Coronaviruses 1282:1\u201323","journal-title":"Coronaviruses"},{"key":"1846_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7918","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00645-06","volume":"80","author":"B Neuman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Neuman B, Adair B, Yoshioka C et al (2006) Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy. J Virol 80:7918\u20137928","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1846_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13383","volume":"25","author":"T Velavan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Velavan T, Meyer C (2020) The COVID-19 epidemic. Trop Med Int Health 25:278\u2013280","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"1846_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1024","volume":"10","author":"L van der Hoek","year":"2004","unstructured":"van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Jebbink M et al (2004) Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat Med 10:368\u2013373","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1846_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou P, Yang X, Wang X et al (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579:270\u2013273","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1846_CR20","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Q&A on Coronaviruses (COVID-19), WHO international. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/question-and-answers-hub\/q-a-detail\/q-a-coronaviruses#:~:text=symptoms. Accessed 1 Feb 2021"},{"key":"1846_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04374-x","volume":"162","author":"L Zanin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zanin L, Saraceno G, Panciani P et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions. Acta Neurochir 162:1491\u20131494","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"1846_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","volume":"395","author":"J Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan J, Yuan S, Kok K et al (2020) A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 395:514\u2013523","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1846_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","volume":"579","author":"F Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B et al (2020) A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 579:265\u2013269","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1846_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102433","volume":"109","author":"H Rothan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rothan H, Byrareddy S (2020) The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmune 109:102433","journal-title":"J Autoimmune"},{"key":"1846_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w267","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.15.14445","volume":"205","author":"K Das","year":"2015","unstructured":"Das K, Lee E, Jawder S et al (2015) Acute middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: temporal lung changes observed on the chest radiographs of 55 patients. Am J Roentgenol 205:w267\u2013w274","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1846_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30048-0","volume":"5","author":"C Yeo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yeo C, Kaushal S, Yeo D (2020) Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal-oral transmission Of SARS-Cov-2 possible? Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:335\u2013337","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1846_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00416-6","author":"M Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo M, Tao W, Flavell R, Zhu S (2021) Potential intestinal infection and faecal-oral transmission of SARS-Cov-2. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-021-00416-6","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1846_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.005","volume":"24","author":"M Shereen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shereen M, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R (2020) COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res 24:91\u201398","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"1846_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165878","volume":"1866","author":"A Naqvi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naqvi A, Fatima K, Mohammad T et al (2020) Insights into SARS-Cov-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: structural genomics approach. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol Basis Dis 1866:165878","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"1846_CR30","unstructured":"WHO EMRO|MERS outbreaks|MERS-CoV|health topics. http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/health-topics\/mers-cov\/mers-outbreaks.html. Accessed 9 Feb 2021"},{"key":"1846_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.69.4.635-664.2005","volume":"69","author":"S Weiss","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weiss S, Navas-Martin S (2005) Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 69:635\u2013664","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"1846_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0688-y","volume":"5","author":"M Letko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V (2020) Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol 5:562\u2013569","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"1846_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00102-14","volume":"28","author":"J Chan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chan J, Lau S, To K, Cheng V, Woo P, Yuen K (2015) middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 28:465\u2013522","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1846_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02420-14","volume":"89","author":"S Lau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lau S, Woo P, Li K et al (2014) Discovery of anovel coronavirus, china Rattus coronavirus HKU24, from Norway rats supports the murine origin of betacoronavirus 1 and has implications for the ancestor of betacoronavirus lineage A. J Virol 89:3076\u20133092","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1846_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4439","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.9.4439-4443.2001","volume":"75","author":"T Ito","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ito T, Goto H, Yamamoto E et al (2001) Generation of a highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus from an avirulent field isolate by passaging in chickens. J Virol 75:4439\u20134443","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1846_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"Y Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo Y, Cao Q, Hong Z et al (2020) The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak\u2014an update on the status. Mil Med Res 7:1\u201310","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"1846_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2951-z","volume":"588","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou P, Yang X, Wang X et al (2020) Addendum: a pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 588:E6","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1846_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03899-4","volume":"39","author":"H Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang H, Li X, Li T et al (2020) The genetic sequence, origin, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 39:1629\u20131635","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"1846_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-020-00571-5","volume":"31","author":"S Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar S, Maurya V, Prasad A, Bhatt M, Saxena S (2020) Structural, glycosylation and antigenic variation between 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). VirusDisease 31:13\u201321","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"1846_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00127-20","volume":"94","author":"Y Wan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric R, Li F (2020) Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol 94:1\u20139","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1846_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.03.022","volume":"30","author":"T Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z (2020) Probable pangolin origin of SARS-Cov-2 associated with the COVID-19 outbreak. Curr Biol 30:1346\u20131351","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"1846_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8744","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00613-09","volume":"83","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yamada Y, Liu D (2009) Proteolytic activation of the spike protein at a novel RRRR\/S motif is implicated in furin-dependent entry, syncytium formation, and infectivity of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in cultured cells. J Virol 83:8744\u20138758","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1846_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-018-0012-7","volume":"33","author":"N Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang N, Li S, Yang X et al (2018) Serological evidence of bat SARS-related coronavirus infection in humans, China. Virol Sin 33:104\u2013107","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"1846_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809524106","volume":"106","author":"S Belouzard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Belouzard S, Chu V, Whittaker G (2009) Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:5871\u20135876","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"1846_CR45","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2021) Symptoms of Coronavirus. In: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/symptoms-testing\/symptoms.html. Accessed 25 Feb 2021"},{"key":"1846_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","volume":"181","author":"A Walls","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walls A, Park Y, Tortorici M, Wall A, McGuire A, Veesler D (2020) Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell 181:281\u2013292","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1846_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0360-5","volume":"17","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Ma Y, Zhang J, Xie X (2020) COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol 17:259\u2013260","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"1846_CR48","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"I Khatri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khatri I, Staal F, van Dongen J (2020) Blocking of the high-affinity interaction-synapse between SARS-CoV-2 spike and human ACE2 proteins likely requires multiple high-affinity antibodies: an immune perspective. Front Immunol 1:1\u20139","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1846_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050366","volume":"7","author":"H Elshabrawy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elshabrawy H, Coughlin M, Baker S, Prabhakar B (2012) Human monoclonal antibodies against highly conserved HR1 and HR2 domains of the SARS-CoV spike protein are more broadly neutralizing. PLoS ONE 7:e50366","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1846_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7003e2","volume":"70","author":"S Galloway","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galloway S, Paul P, MacCannell D et al (2021) Emergence of SARS-Cov-2 B.1.1.7 lineage\u2014United States, December 29, 2020\u2013January 12, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 70:95\u201399","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"1846_CR51","unstructured":"Rose L (2021) B.1.1.7: What We Know About the Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant | ASM.org. https:\/\/asm.org\/Articles\/2021\/January\/B-1-1-7-What-We-Know-About-the-Novel-SARS-CoV-2-Va#:~:text=All%20viruses%20evolve%20and%20mutate,substitutions%20or%20rearrangements%20of%20bases. Accessed 21 May 2021"},{"key":"1846_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.21.20248640","author":"H Tegally","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tegally H, Wilkinson E, Giovanetti M et al (2020) Emergence and rapid spread of a new severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) lineage with multiple spike mutations in South Africa. medRxiV. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.12.21.20248640","journal-title":"medRxiV"},{"key":"1846_CR53","first-page":"16862","volume":"10","author":"H Lim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lim H, Baek A, Kim J et al (2020) Hot spot profiles of SARS-Cov-2 and human ACE2 receptor protein protein interaction obtained by density functional tight binding fragment molecular orbital method. Nat Sci Rep 10:16862","journal-title":"Nat Sci Rep"},{"key":"1846_CR54","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2021) SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/cases-updates\/variant-surveillance\/variant-info.html. Accessed 21 May 2021"},{"key":"1846_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.12.148726","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang L, Jackson C, Mou H et al (2020) The D614G mutation in the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein reduces S1 shedding and increases infectivity. bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.06.12.148726","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"1846_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760","volume":"382","author":"M Vaduganathan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, McMurray J, Pfeffer M, Solomon S (2020) Renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with covid-19. N Engl J Med 382:1653\u20131659","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1846_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042301","volume":"3","author":"F Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li F (2016) Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins. Annu Rev Virol 3:237\u2013261","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"1846_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12005","volume":"495","author":"V Raj","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raj V, Mou H, Smits S et al (2013) Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature 495:251\u2013254","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1846_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","volume":"426","author":"W Li","year":"2003","unstructured":"Li W, Moore M, Vasilieva N et al (2003) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 426:450\u2013454","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1846_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.03.016","volume":"14","author":"A Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh A, Gupta R, Misra A (2020) Comorbidities in COVID-19: outcomes in hypertensive cohort and controversies with renin angiotensin system blockers. Diabetes Metab Syndr 14:283\u2013287","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"1846_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181:271\u2013280","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1846_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00318-18","volume":"92","author":"B Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang B, Liu Y, Ji C et al (2018) Porcine deltacoronavirus engages the transmissible gastroenteritis virus functional receptor porcine aminopeptidase n for infectious cellular entry. J Virol 92:1\u201313","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1846_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.04.009","volume":"432","author":"JA Jaimes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jaimes JA, Andr\u00e9 NM, Chappie JS, Millet JK, Whittaker GR (2020) Phylogenetic analysis and structural modeling of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reveals an evolutionary distinct and proteolytically sensitive activation loop. J Mol Biol 432:3309\u20133325","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"1846_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104742","volume":"176","author":"B Coutard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coutard B, Valle C, de Lamballerie X, Canard B, Seidah N, Decroly E (2020) The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade. Antivir Res 176:104742","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"key":"1846_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25719","volume":"92","author":"S Angeletti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angeletti S, Benvenuto D, Bianchi M, Giovanetti M, Pascarella S, Ciccozzi M (2020) COVID-2019: the role of the nsp2 and nsp3 in its pathogenesis. J Med Virol 92:584\u2013588","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1846_CR66","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"A Moura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moura A, Costa H, Correa V et al (2021) Serological assessment of COVID-19 patients in Brazil: levels, avidity, and subclasses of IgG against RBD. Res Sq 1:1\u201320","journal-title":"Res Sq"},{"key":"1846_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","volume":"71","author":"C Qin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z et al (2020) Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis 71:762\u2013768","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1846_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2017.13.3.227","volume":"13","author":"J Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim J, Heo J, Kim H et al (2017) Neurological complications during treatment of middle east respiratory syndrome. J Clin Neurol 13:227","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"1846_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00827","author":"B Diao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y et al (2020) Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00827","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1846_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25727","volume":"92","author":"Z Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Z, Yi Y, Luo X et al (2020) Development and clinical application of a rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis. J Med Virol 92:1518\u20131524","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1846_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.051","volume":"81","author":"Y Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan Y, Li X, Yang G et al (2020) Serological immunochromatographic approach in diagnosis with SARS-CoV-2 infected COVID-19 patients. J Infect 81:e28\u2013e32","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"1846_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.025","volume":"183","author":"N Kaneko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaneko N, Kuo H, Boucau J et al (2020) Loss of Bcl-6-expressing t follicular helper cells and germinal centers in COVID-19. Cell 183:143\u2013157","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1846_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26863","volume":"93","author":"G Bauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bauer G, Struck F, Schreiner P et al (2021) The challenge of avidity determination in SARS-CoV-2 serology. J Med Virol 93:3092\u20133104","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1846_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26262","volume":"93","author":"G Bauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bauer G (2020) The variability of the serological response to SARS-corona virus-2: potential resolution of ambiguity through determination of avidity (functional affinity). J Med Virol 93:311\u2013322","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1846_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029300200103","volume":"2","author":"K Dietz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dietz K (1993) The estimation of the basic reproduction number for infectious diseases. Stat Methods Med Res 2:23\u201341","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"1846_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78911-6_6","volume":"1","author":"P van den Driessche","year":"2008","unstructured":"van den Driessche P, Watmough J (2008) Further notes on the basic reproduction number. Math Epidemiol 1:159\u2013178","journal-title":"Math Epidemiol"},{"key":"1846_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa021","volume":"27","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Y, Gayle A, Wilder-Smith A, Rockl\u00f6v J (2020) The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. J Travel Med 27:1\u20134","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"1846_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2020.03.004","volume":"2","author":"M D'Arienzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"D\u2019Arienzo M, Coniglio A (2020) Assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 basic reproduction number, R0, based on the early phase of COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Biosaf Health 2:57\u201359","journal-title":"Biosaf Health"},{"key":"1846_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30462-1","volume":"395","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Y, Eggo R, Kucharski A (2020) Secondary attack rate and superspreading events for SARS-CoV-2. Lancet 395:e47","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1846_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.026","volume":"26","author":"N Petrosillo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petrosillo N, Viceconte G, Ergonul O, Ippolito G, Petersen E (2020) COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? Clin Microbiol Infect 26:729\u2013734","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1846_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","volume":"382","author":"N van Doremalen","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris D et al (2020) Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 382:1564\u20131567","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Virus Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11262-021-01846-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11262-021-01846-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11262-021-01846-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T08:28:44Z","timestamp":1675412924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11262-021-01846-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11262-021-01846-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-8569","1572-994X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-8569","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-994X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. All authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}