{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:51:40Z","timestamp":1787824300806,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virus Genes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human retroviruses such as HIV-1 and HTLV-1 hijack host cellular mechanisms for their replication, survival, and pathogenesis, often causing profound genomic instability. This review explores the dual role of homologous recombination (HR), explicitly mediated by the recombinase RAD51, in the context of retroviral infections. RAD51 is central to high-fidelity repair of DNA double-strand breaks, yet its activity is manipulated differently by HIV-1 and HTLV-1. In HIV-1 infection, RAD51 expression is elevated by viral proteins like Tat and Vpr, promoting DNA repair and enhancing viral transcription through interactions with NF-\u03baB, thereby supporting viral persistence. Conversely, HTLV-1 suppresses RAD51-mediated HR via viral proteins such as p30 and Tax, promoting error-prone DNA repair pathways that contribute to oncogenesis. These contrasting effects may underscore RAD51's functional plasticity as both a facilitator of viral replication and a potential antiviral restriction factor. Furthermore, the therapeutic modulation of RAD51 activity-especially in combination with PARP inhibitors offers promising avenues for treating retrovirus-associated malignancies such as adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. This review highlights RAD51 as a pivotal connection in the interplay between genome stability and retroviral pathobiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-025-02210-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T04:10:53Z","timestamp":1766203853000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The role of homologous recombination in human retrovirus-associated diseases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Mehdi","family":"Akbarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Farjami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Eduardo","family":"Acevedo-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia Rodr\u00edguez","family":"Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor David","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucero","family":"de Mar\u00eda \u00c1vila-De la Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1682-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Ram\u00edrez","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2210_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2022.2576","volume":"17","author":"S Sahu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sahu S, Singh B, Kumar Rai A (2022) Human endogenous retrovirus regulates the initiation and progression of cancers (review). Mol Clin Oncol 17(4):143","journal-title":"Mol Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"10 Suppl","key":"2210_CR2","first-page":"1056","volume":"52","author":"Y Yosinaka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yosinaka Y, Yamamoto N (2007) [Brief review of retrovirus virology]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 52(10 Suppl):1056\u20131062","journal-title":"Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso"},{"key":"2210_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105622","volume":"169","author":"S Ramezani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramezani S, Rezaee SA, Farjami Z, Ebrahimi N, Abdullabass HK, Ibrahim Jebur MI et al (2022) HTLV, a multi organ oncovirus. Microb Pathog 169:105622","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2210_CR4","first-page":"215","volume":"17","author":"D Dalu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dalu D, Iardino R, Vaccher E, Lasagna A, Digaetano M, Leone AG et al (2025) Cancer awareness among people living with HIV (PLWH): insights from an Italian survey of oncologists and infectious disease specialists. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 17:215\u2013226","journal-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)"},{"key":"2210_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17142374","author":"A Mathoma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mathoma A, Tshisimogo G, Sartorius B, Mahomed S (2025) Trends in cancer incidence and associated risk factors in people living with and without HIV in Botswana: a population-based cancer registry data analysis from 1990 to 2021. Cancers (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17142374","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"27","key":"2210_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.56.0680","volume":"32","author":"P De Paoli","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Paoli P, Carbone A (2014) Pathogenesis of HIV-associated cancer. J Clin Oncol 32(27):3078","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2210_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32070389","author":"DM Smith","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smith DM, Rowland EF, Gianella S, Patel SP, Solso S, Dullano C et al (2025) HIV integration into the PTEN gene and its tumor microenvironment implications for lung cancer. Curr Oncol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol32070389","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"2210_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao Y, Yang P, Guan Y, Ning Q, Chang J, Chen D, et al. Whole-genome and rna sequencing reveal novel insights into the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer in persons living with HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2025.","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2025.0013"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2014.09.029","volume":"329","author":"C Sjogren","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sjogren C, Tarsounas M, Bartek J, Hoog C (2014) Introduction. DNA damage and repair. Exp Cell Res 329(1):1","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03364-2","volume":"77","author":"RS Williams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams RS (2020) Introduction to the multi-author-review: emerging advances in the structural chemistry of DNA strand break repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 77(1):1\u20132","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2210_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210718","volume":"27","author":"A Datta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Datta A, Nicot C (2008) Telomere attrition induces a DNA double-strand break damage signal that reactivates p53 transcription in HTLV-I leukemic cells. Oncogene 27(8):1135\u20131141","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2210_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00940-20","author":"D Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li D, Lopez A, Sandoval C, Nichols Doyle R, Fregoso OI (2020) HIV Vpr modulates the host DNA damage response at two independent steps to damage DNA and repress double-strand DNA break repair. MBio. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00940-20","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"2210_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2025.5771","author":"MA Kausar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kausar MA, Alshammari KF, Alenazi F, Anwar S, Khalifa AM, Ginawi T et al (2025) RAD51 and PALB2 in precision oncology: clinical implications for HRD associated breast and ovarian cancers (review). Int J Oncol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijo.2025.5771","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2210_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-017-0658-1","volume":"127","author":"L Ranjha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ranjha L, Howard SM, Cejka P (2018) Main steps in DNA double-strand break repair: an introduction to homologous recombination and related processes. Chromosoma 127(2):187\u2013214","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05425-11","volume":"86","author":"O Cosnefroy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cosnefroy O, Tocco A, Lesbats P, Thierry S, Calmels C, Wiktorowicz T et al (2012) Stimulation of the human RAD51 nucleofilament restricts HIV-1 integration in vitro and in infected cells. J Virol 86(1):513\u2013526","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"21","key":"2210_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6215","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl843","volume":"34","author":"S Desfarges","year":"2006","unstructured":"Desfarges S, San Filippo J, Fournier M, Calmels C, Caumont-Sarcos A, Litvak S et al (2006) Chromosomal integration of LTR-flanked DNA in yeast expressing HIV-1 integrase: down regulation by RAD51. Nucleic Acids Res 34(21):6215\u20136224","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2210_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-025-01648-0","author":"Y Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee Y, Kim HD, Lee SY, Lee H, Hyung J, Moon M et al (2025) Predictive value of homologous recombination-related gene mutations in survival outcomes of first-line nivolumab plus chemotherapy for gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10120-025-01648-0","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61283-2","volume":"16","author":"HL Rein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rein HL, Rawal Y, Palovcak-Lightbourn AL, Ganesan GS, Parker PS, Russell R et al (2025) Comprehensive RAD51C ovarian cancer variant analysis uncouples homologous recombination and replicative functions. Nat Commun 16(1):6539","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2210_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17132109","author":"ZM Komar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Komar ZM, Ladan MM, Verkaik NS, Dahmani A, Montaudon E, Marangoni E et al (2025) Curcumin induces homologous recombination deficiency by BRCA2 degradation in breast cancer and normal cells. Cancers (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17132109","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2210_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17101627","author":"A Farmanbar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Farmanbar A, Kneller R, Firouzi S (2025) The use of mutational signatures to decipher the inter-relationship of reactive oxygen species with homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining deficiencies as well as their effects on APOBEC mutagenesis in breast cancer. Cancers (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17101627","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02210-1","volume":"10","author":"H Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao H, Gao S, Han Y, Xie D, Xuan L, Huang X et al (2025) Conversion of Ku80 K568 crotonylation to SUMOylation facilitates DNA non-homologous end joining and cancer radioresistance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 10(1):127","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"2210_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgc.2025.101987","volume":"35","author":"T Shu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shu T, Yang F, Gao L, Zhou J, Zhang C, Chen Y et al (2025) Development of a prognosis model for PARP inhibitor therapies based on multiple genomic alterations associated with homologous recombination deficiency in ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 35(9):101987","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-094416","volume":"15","author":"LE Witte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Witte LE, van Diepen C, Cramm JM (2025) Beyond BRCA: a scoping review of person-centred care for women diagnosed with a BRCA gene mutation. BMJ Open 15(3):e094416","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2210_CR24","volume":"816\u2013818","author":"B Schwarz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwarz B, Friedl AA, Girst S, Dollinger G, Reindl J (2019) Nanoscopic analysis of 53BP1, BRCA1 and Rad51 reveals new insights in temporal progression of DNA-repair and pathway choice. Mutat Res 816\u2013818:111675","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2210_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2025.2513451","volume":"25","author":"C Cipolla","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cipolla C, Scandurra G, Sambataro D, Mesi C, Greco M, D\u2019Agati E et al (2025) Risk-reducing mastectomy in healthy women with BRCA mutation: a narrative review. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 25(7):797\u2013807","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"2210_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17101661","author":"JH Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim JH, Yoon HJ, Ha HI, Kim ET, Kim DE, Kim S et al (2025) Survival outcomes associated with the location of BRCA mutations in ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancers (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17101661","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"21","key":"2210_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9286","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.21.9286-9294.2004","volume":"24","author":"ES Zimmerman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zimmerman ES, Chen J, Andersen JL, Ardon O, Dehart JL, Blackett J et al (2004) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr-mediated G2 arrest requires Rad17 and Hus1 and induces nuclear BRCA1 and gamma-H2AX focus formation. Mol Cell Biol 24(21):9286\u20139294","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2210_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0266-8","volume":"12","author":"I Guendel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guendel I, Meltzer BW, Baer A, Dever SM, Valerie K, Guo J et al (2015) BRCA1 functions as a novel transcriptional cofactor in HIV-1 infection. Virol J 12:40","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2210_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089390","volume":"9","author":"M Shukrun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shukrun M, Jabareen A, Abou-Kandil A, Chamias R, Aboud M, Huleihel M (2014) HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein inhibits the estrogen-induced-ER alpha-mediated BRCA1 expression by interaction with CBP\/p300 cofactors. PLoS ONE 9(2):e89390","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"14","key":"2210_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2017.1327491","volume":"16","author":"A Jabareen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jabareen A, Abu-Jaafar A, Abou-Kandil A, Huleihel M (2017) Effect of TPA and HTLV-1 Tax on BRCA1 and ERE controlled genes expression. Cell-Cycle 16(14):1336\u20131344","journal-title":"Cell-Cycle"},{"issue":"4","key":"2210_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_1007_22","volume":"67","author":"S Yaslianifard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yaslianifard S, Movahedi M, Yaslianifard S, Mozhgani SH (2024) Higher expression of BRCA1, and CHUK and lower expression of NFKBIA, ESR1, PIK3R1, and PPARG in HAM\/TSP compared to ATLL, a diverse pathological consequence. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 67(4):824\u2013828","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2210_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110212","volume":"301","author":"SSH Chu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chu SSH, Xing G, Ling H (2025) The role of human Shu complex in ATP-dependent regulation of RAD51 filaments during homologous recombination-associated DNA damage response. J Biol Chem 301(6):110212","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-025-01428-6","volume":"23","author":"Q Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang Q, Chen Y, Huang J, Tang J, Zhu L, Li J et al (2025) Rapamycin reduces DNA damage of in vitro matured oocytes by promoting Rad51-mediated homologous recombination. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 23(1):93","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"25","key":"2210_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13124","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.729194","volume":"291","author":"J Acevedo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Acevedo J, Yan S, Michael WM (2016) Direct binding to replication protein A (RPA)-coated single-stranded DNA allows recruitment of the ATR activator TopBP1 to sites of DNA damage. J Biol Chem 291(25):13124\u201313131","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"2210_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.006006","volume":"294","author":"N Dhingra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhingra N, Wei L, Zhao X (2019) Replication protein A (RPA) sumoylation positively influences the DNA damage checkpoint response in yeast. J Biol Chem 294(8):2690\u20132699","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(88)80981-1","volume":"157","author":"S Kalyanaraman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kalyanaraman S, Jannoun-Nasr R, York D, Luciw PA, Robinson R, Srinivasan A (1988) Homologous recombination between human immunodeficiency viral DNAs in cultured human cells: analysis of the factors influencing recombination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 157(3):1051\u20131060","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(97)00053-3","volume":"36","author":"K Yusa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yusa K, Kavlick MF, Kosalaraksa P, Mitsuya H (1997) HIV-1 acquires resistance to two classes of antiviral drugs through homologous recombination. Antiviral Res 36(3):179\u2013189","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"2210_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207417","volume":"23","author":"G Chipitsyna","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chipitsyna G, Slonina D, Siddiqui K, Peruzzi F, Skorski T, Reiss K et al (2004) HIV-1 Tat increases cell survival in response to cisplatin by stimulating Rad51 gene expression. Oncogene 23(15):2664\u20132671","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20612","volume":"207","author":"G Chipitsyna","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chipitsyna G, Sawaya BE, Khalili K, Amini S (2006) Cooperativity between Rad51 and C\/EBP family transcription factors modulates basal and Tat-induced activation of the HIV-1 LTR in astrocytes. J Cell Physiol 207(3):605\u2013613","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2210_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209831","volume":"26","author":"C Nakai-Murakami","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nakai-Murakami C, Shimura M, Kinomoto M, Takizawa Y, Tokunaga K, Taguchi T et al (2007) HIV-1 Vpr induces ATM-dependent cellular signal with enhanced homologous recombination. Oncogene 26(4):477\u2013486","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"18","key":"2210_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.18.12930","volume":"9","author":"I Rom","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rom I, Darbinyan A, White MK, Rappaport J, Sawaya BE, Amini S et al (2010) Activation of HIV-1 LTR by Rad51 in microglial cells. Cell-Cycle 9(18):3715\u20133722","journal-title":"Cell-Cycle"},{"key":"2210_CR42","first-page":"S41-S","volume":"19","author":"R Kaminski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaminski R, Datta PK, Wolllebo H, Khalili K (2013) Interplay of Rad51 and NF-\u03baB pathway stimulates expression of HIV-1 in microglia and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Neurovirol 19:S41-S","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"2210_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098304","author":"R Kaminski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaminski R, Wollebo HS, Datta PK, White MK, Amini S, Khalili K (2014) Interplay of Rad51 with NF-\u03baB pathway stimulates expression of HIV-1. PLoS ONE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0098304","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2210_CR44","first-page":"S332-S","volume":"21","author":"R Kaminski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaminski R, Wollebo HS, Datta PK, White M, Amini S, Khalili K (2015) Interplay of Rad51 with NF-\u03baB pathway stimulates expression of HIV-1. J Neurovirol 21:S332-S","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05425-11","volume":"86","author":"O Cosnefroy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cosnefroy O, Tocco A, Lesbats P, Thierry S, Calmels C, Wiktorowicz T et al (2012) Stimulation of the human RAD51 nucleofilament restricts HIV-1 integration and in infected cells. J Virol 86(1):513\u2013526","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2210_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050680","author":"A Panchapakesan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Panchapakesan A, Ranga U (2025) A model of non-homologous recombination mediated by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase explaining sequence motif duplications that confer a replication fitness advantage. Viruses. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17050680","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.10.036","volume":"436","author":"Y Fujita","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fujita Y, Otsuki H, Watanabe Y, Yasui M, Kobayashi T, Miura T et al (2013) Generation of a replication-competent chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus carrying env from subtype C clinical isolate through intracellular homologous recombination. Virology 436(1):100\u2013111","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"22","key":"2210_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5897","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-304600","volume":"117","author":"HH Baydoun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baydoun HH, Pancewicz J, Nicot C (2011) Human T-lymphotropic type 1 virus p30 inhibits homologous recombination and favors unfaithful DNA repair. Blood 117(22):5897\u20135906","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"2210_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-017-0506-1","volume":"206","author":"S Ramezani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramezani S, Shirdel A, Rafatpanah H, Akbarin MM, Tarokhian H, Rahimi H et al (2017) Assessment of HTLV-1 proviral load, LAT, BIM, c-FOS and RAD51 gene expression in adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Med Microbiol Immunol 206(4):327\u2013335","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2210_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153303382513506","DOI":"10.1177\/15330338251350630","volume":"24","author":"Q Duan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Duan Q, Feng Y, Cao L, Hu L, Wang J, Sun F et al (2025) Efficacy and safety of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Technol Cancer Res Treat 24:15330338251350630","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"2210_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2025.14961","volume":"29","author":"Y Han","year":"2025","unstructured":"Han Y, Wei L (2025) Novel clinical potential of poly (ADP\u2011ribose) polymerase inhibitors in triple\u2011negative breast cancer: mechanistic insights and clinical applications (Review). Oncol Lett 29(5):215","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"2210_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030400","author":"H Tibebe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tibebe H, Marquez D, McGraw A, Gagliardi S, Sullivan C, Hillmer G et al (2025) Targeting latent HIV reservoirs: effectiveness of combination therapy with HDAC and PARP inhibitors. Viruses. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17030400","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"2210_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.5.2169-2177.2000","volume":"74","author":"MG Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson MG, Scoggin KE, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Steadman JA (2000) Identification of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase as a transcriptional coactivator of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein. J Virol 74(5):2169\u20132177","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2210_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190290021461","volume":"43","author":"K Ishitsuka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ishitsuka K, Ikeda R, Utsunomiya A, Uozumi K, Hanada S, Suzuki S et al (2002) Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in HTLV-I infected T-cell lines and fresh adult T-cell leukemia cells through CD95 or tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor independent caspase activation. Leuk Lymphoma 43(5):1107\u20131114","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"2210_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-7","volume":"6","author":"Y Machijima","year":"2009","unstructured":"Machijima Y, Ishikawa C, Sawada S, Okudaira T, Uchihara JN, Tanaka Y et al (2009) Anti-adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma effects of indole-3-carbinol. Retrovirology 6:7","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2009.09.003","volume":"34","author":"S Ito","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ito S, Oyake T, Murai K, Ishida Y (2010) Deguelin suppresses cell proliferation via the inhibition of survivin expression and STAT3 phosphorylation in HTLV-1-transformed T cells. Leuk Res 34(3):352\u2013357","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2210_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2011.07.015","volume":"35","author":"B Zimmerman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zimmerman B, Sargeant A, Landes K, Fernandez SA, Chen CS, Lairmore MD (2011) Efficacy of novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, AR42, in a mouse model of, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 adult T cell lymphoma. Leuk Res 35(11):1491\u20131497","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2210_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2013.09.010","volume":"37","author":"Y Suzuki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suzuki Y, Ito S, Sasaki R, Asahi M, Ishida Y (2013) Resveratrol suppresses cell proliferation via inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation and Mcl-1 and cIAP-2 expression in HTLV-1-infected T cells. Leuk Res 37(12):1674\u20131679","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"key":"2210_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-015-0217-2","volume":"8","author":"XT Bai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bai XT, Moles R, Chaib-Mezrag H, Nicot C (2015) Small PARP inhibitor PJ-34 induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of adult T-cell leukemia cells. J Hematol Oncol 8:117","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2210_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2015.10.012","volume":"39","author":"R Sasaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sasaki R, Ito S, Asahi M, Ishida Y (2015) YM155 suppresses cell proliferation and induces cell death in human adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma cells. Leuk Res 39(12):1473\u20131479","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"key":"2210_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117639","volume":"251","author":"M Houssein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Houssein M, Fatfat M, Habli Z, Ghazal N, Moodad S, Khalife H et al (2020) Thymoquinone synergizes with arsenic and interferon alpha to target human T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Life Sci 251:117639","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2210_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.15709","volume":"42","author":"T Maeta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maeta T, Sato T, Asano K, Ito S (2022) Dimethyl fumarate induces apoptosis via inhibiting NF-kappaB and STAT3 signaling in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma cells. Anticancer Res 42(5):2301\u20132309","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2210_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b23-00228","volume":"46","author":"N Kato","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kato N, Kozako T, Ohsugi T, Uchida Y, Yoshimitsu M, Ishitsuka K et al (2023) CDK9 inhibitor induces apoptosis, autophagy, and suppression of tumor growth in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Biol Pharm Bull 46(9):1269\u20131276","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"2210_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5128","volume":"12","author":"S Brayford","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brayford S, Duly A, Teo WS, Dwarte T, Gonzales-Aloy E, Ma Z et al (2023) betaIII-tubulin suppression enhances the activity of Amuvatinib to inhibit cell proliferation in c-Met positive non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Med 12(4):4455\u20134471","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05105-22","volume":"11","author":"TTX Huynh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huynh TTX, Pham TX, Lee GH, Lee JB, Lee SG, Tark D et al (2023) Amuvatinib blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection at the entry step of the viral life cycle. Microbiol Spectr 11(3):e0510522","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"}],"container-title":["Virus Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11262-025-02210-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11262-025-02210-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11262-025-02210-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T10:02:50Z","timestamp":1770372170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11262-025-02210-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11262-025-02210-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-8569","1572-994X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-8569","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-994X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}