{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:03:24Z","timestamp":1777982604741,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authortiy"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011132","name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["205651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["205651"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water Air Soil Pollut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-022-05764-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T19:02:51Z","timestamp":1658257371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Air Quality in Metropolitan New Jersey"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Artigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songyun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1781-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5764_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adhikari, A., & Yin, J. (2020). Short-term effects of ambient ozone, PM2.5, and meteorological factors on COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths in Queens, New York. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 4047.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114047"},{"key":"5764_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2547.1","volume":"46","author":"B Ainslie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ainslie, B., & Steyn, D. G. (2007). Spatiotemporal trends in episodic ozone pollution in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, in relation to mesoscale atmospheric circulation patterns and emissions %J. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46, 1631\u20131644.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"5764_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bauwens, M., S. Compernolle, T. Stavrakou, J.F. M\u00fcller, J. Gent, H. Eskes, P. Levelt, R. A, J. Veefkind, J. Vlietinck, H. Yu, C. Zehner. (2020). Impact of coronavirus outbreak on NO2 pollution assessed using TROPOMI and OMI observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 47, e2020GL087978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2020GL087978","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL087978"},{"key":"5764_CR4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2020\/s0229-COVID-19-first-death.html, accessed in September 15, 2020."},{"key":"5764_CR5","unstructured":"CSSE. (2021). https:\/\/gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/opsdashboard\/index.html#\/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6, accessed in August 5th, 2020."},{"key":"5764_CR6","unstructured":"EIA, 2021a. https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/state\/seds\/sep_fuel\/html\/fuel_mg.html, accessed in March 3, 2022."},{"key":"5764_CR7","unstructured":"EIA, 2021b. Natural gas consumption by end use, in: Energy information administration, U.S.D.o.E. (Ed.)."},{"key":"5764_CR8","unstructured":"EIA, 2022. New Jersey crude oil and petroleum products data and map, in: DOE, U.S. (Ed.)."},{"key":"5764_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2014.037","volume":"5","author":"M Elbayoumi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elbayoumi, M., Ramli, N. A., Md Yusof, N. F. F., & Madhoun, W. A. (2014). The effect of seasonal variation on indoor and outdoor carbon monoxide concentrations in Eastern Mediterranean climate. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 5, 315\u2013324.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"key":"5764_CR10","unstructured":"EPA. (1999). Nitrogen oxides (NOx), why and how they are controlled, https:\/\/www3.epa.gov\/ttncatc1\/dir1\/fnoxdoc.pdf."},{"key":"5764_CR11","unstructured":"EPA. (2015). https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/smartgrowth\/making-visible-difference-communities-new-jersey#newark, accessed in August 5, 2020."},{"key":"5764_CR12","unstructured":"EPA. (2020). https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/co-pollution, accessed in July 27th, 2020."},{"key":"5764_CR13","unstructured":"Evans, S. (2020). https:\/\/www.carbonbrief.org\/analysis-coronavirus-set-to-cause-largest-ever-annual-fall-in-co2-emissions, accessed in July, 24th, 2020."},{"key":"5764_CR14","unstructured":"Ficetola, G.F., D. Rubolini. (2020). Climate affects global patterns of COVID-19 early outbreak dynamics. medRxiv, 2020.2003.2023.20040501."},{"key":"5764_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113681","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113681","volume":"9","author":"SL Forbes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Forbes, S. L., Perrault, K. A., Stefanuto, P.-H., Nizio, K. D., & Focant, J.-F. (2014). Comparison of the decomposition VOC profile during winter and summer in a moist, mid-latitude (Cfb) climate. PLoS ONE, 9, e113681.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5764_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.01.013","volume":"39","author":"L Gratani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gratani, L., & Varone, L. (2005). Daily and seasonal variation of CO2 in the city of Rome in relationship with the traffic volume. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 2619\u20132624.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"5764_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","volume":"382","author":"ML Holshue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holshue, M. L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K. H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., Spitters, C., Ericson, K., Wilkerson, S., Tural, A., Diaz, G., Cohn, A., Fox, L., Patel, A., Gerber, S. I., Kim, L., Tong, S., Lu, X., Lindstrom, S., \u2026 Pillai, S. K. (2020). First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 929\u2013936.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"5764_CR18","unstructured":"IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Synthesis report, summary for policymakers, https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/2018\/02\/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf"},{"key":"5764_CR19","unstructured":"Ironbound community corporation, 2020. https:\/\/ironboundcc.org\/environmental-justice\/, accessed in August 5th, 2020."},{"key":"5764_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(88)90184-4","volume":"50","author":"JG Irwin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Irwin, J. G., & Williams, M. L. (1988). Acid rain: Chemistry and transport. Environmental Pollution, 50, 29\u201359.","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"5764_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8475","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-8475-2012","volume":"12","author":"L J\u00e4rvi","year":"2012","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvi, L., Nordbo, A., Junninen, H., Riikonen, A., Moilanen, J., Nikinmaa, E., & Vesala, T. (2012). Seasonal and annual variation of carbon dioxide surface fluxes in Helsinki, Finland, in 2006\u20132010. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 8475.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"5764_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.02.048","volume":"55","author":"P Jim\u00e9nez-Guerrero","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Guerrero, P., Mont\u00e1vez, J. P., G\u00f3mez-Navarro, J. J., Jerez, S., & Lorente-Plazas, R. (2012). Impacts of climate change on ground level gas-phase pollutants and aerosols in the Iberian Peninsula for the late XXI century. Atmospheric Environment, 55, 483\u2013495.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"5764_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0797-x","volume":"10","author":"C Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Jackson, R. B., Jones, M. W., Smith, A. J. P., Abernethy, S., Andrew, R. M., De-Gol, A. J., Willis, D. R., Shan, Y., Canadell, J. G., Friedlingstein, P., Creutzig, F., & Peters, G. P. (2020). Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. Nature Climate Change, 10, 647\u2013653.","journal-title":"Nature Climate Change"},{"key":"5764_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01265-0","volume":"19","author":"M Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, M., Yu, S., Chen, X., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Liu, W., Li, P., Lichtfouse, E., Rosenfeld, D., & Seinfeld, J. H. (2021). Large scale control of surface ozone by relative humidity observed during warm seasons in China. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19, 3981\u20133989.","journal-title":"Environmental Chemistry Letters"},{"key":"5764_CR25","unstructured":"Lindsey, R. (2020). https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/understanding-climate\/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide, accessed in August 14, 2020."},{"key":"5764_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140426","volume":"741","author":"L Menut","year":"2020","unstructured":"Menut, L., Bessagnet, B., Siour, G., Mailler, S., Pennel, R., & Cholakian, A. (2020). Impact of lockdown measures to combat Covid-19 on air quality over western Europe. Science of the Total Environment, 741, 140426.","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"5764_CR27","unstructured":"Morrison, R. (2020). https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/sciencetech\/article-8129631\/Air-pollution-New-York-City-falls-rapidly-people-stay-home-amid-coronavirus-crisis.html, accessed in July 15, 2020."},{"key":"5764_CR28","unstructured":"New Jersey COVID-19 Information Hub. (2020). https:\/\/covid19.nj.gov\/, accessed in September 15, 2020."},{"key":"5764_CR29","unstructured":"NOAA, G. M. L. (2020). https:\/\/www.esrl.noaa.gov\/gmd\/ccgg\/trends\/, accessed in July, 24th, 2020."},{"key":"5764_CR30","unstructured":"RGGI. (2020). RGGI strategic funding plan: Years 2020 through 2022, https:\/\/nj.gov\/rggi\/docs\/rggi-strategic-funding-plan.pdf"},{"key":"5764_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2012.027","volume":"3","author":"D Roberts-Semple","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roberts-Semple, D., Song, F., & Gao, Y. (2012). Seasonal characteristics of ambient nitrogen oxides and ground\u2013level ozone in metropolitan northeastern New Jersey. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 3, 247\u2013257.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"key":"5764_CR32","unstructured":"Robinson, D. (2020). https:\/\/www.njweather.org\/content\/more-virginia-february-2020-and-winter-201920-recaps, accessed in October 22, 2020."},{"key":"5764_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saadat, S., Rawtani, D., Hussain C. M. (2020). Environmental perspective of COVID-19. Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138870"},{"key":"5764_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103487","volume":"280","author":"JL Semple","year":"2020","unstructured":"Semple, J. L., & Moore, G. W. K. (2020). High levels of ambient ozone (O3) may impact COVID-19 in high altitude mountain environments. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 280, 103487\u2013103487.","journal-title":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology"},{"key":"5764_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139542","volume":"735","author":"P Sicard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sicard, P., De Marco, A., Agathokleous, E., Feng, Z., Xu, X., Paoletti, E., Rodriguez, J. J. D., & Calatayud, V. (2020). Amplified ozone pollution in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown. Science of the Total Environment, 735, 139542.","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"5764_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1029\/JD095iD02p01837","volume":"95","author":"S Sillman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sillman, S., Logan, J. A., & Wofsy, S. C. (1990). The sensitivity of ozone to nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in regional ozone episodes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 95, 1837\u20131851.","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"},{"key":"5764_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song, F., Young Shin, J., Jusino-Atresino, R., & Gao, Y. (2011). Relationships among the springtime ground\u2013level NOx, O3 and NO3 in the vicinity of highways in the US East Coast. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2, 374\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5094\/APR.2011.042","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2011.042"},{"key":"5764_CR38","unstructured":"State of New Jersey. (2007). https:\/\/nj.gov\/infobank\/circular\/eojsc54.htm, accessed in July 15, 2020."},{"key":"5764_CR39","unstructured":"State of New Jersey. (2020a). https:\/\/nj.gov\/infobank\/eo\/056murphy\/pdf\/EO-104.pdf, accessed in July 15, 2020a."},{"key":"5764_CR40","unstructured":"State of New Jersey. (2020b). https:\/\/covid19.nj.gov\/faqs\/nj-information\/reopening-guidance-and-restrictions\/when-and-how-is-new-jersey-lifting-restrictions-what-does-a-responsible-and-strategic-restart-of-new-jerseys-economy-look-like, accessed in September 15, 2020b."},{"key":"5764_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanzer-Gruener, R., Li, J., Eilenberg, S. R., Robinson, A. L., Presto, A. A. (2020). Impacts of modifiable factors on ambient air pollution: A case study of COVID-19 shutdowns. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 7, 554\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00365","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00365"},{"key":"5764_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wen, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, K.M., Zheng, H., Xing, J., Wu, Y., Hao, J. (2020). Four-month changes in air quality during and after the COVID-19 lockdown in six megacities in China. Environmental Science & Technology Letters.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00605"},{"key":"5764_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Q., & Su, M. (2020). A preliminary assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on environment \u2013 A case study of China. Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138915.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138915"},{"key":"5764_CR44","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2020a. https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020a, accessed in September 17, 2020a."},{"key":"5764_CR45","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2020b. https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-statement-on-ihr-emergency-committee-on-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov), accessed in September 17, 2020b."},{"key":"5764_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, L., & Y. Gao. (2011). Characterization of trace elements in PM2.5 aerosols in the vicinity of highways in northeast new jersey in the US East Coast. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2, 34\u201333.","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2011.005"},{"key":"5764_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140496","volume":"742","author":"S Zangari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zangari, S., Hill, D. T., Charette, A. T., & Mirowsky, J. E. (2020). Air quality changes in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic. Science of the Total Environment, 742, 140496.","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"5764_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6530","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c00087","volume":"54","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Zhao, Y., Du, F., Cai, H., Wang, G., & Shi, H. (2020). Microplastic fallout in different indoor environments. Environmental Science & Technology, 54, 6530\u20136539.","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"5764_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00304","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Zhang, K., Xu, X., Shen, H., Zhu, X., Zhang, Y., Hu, Y., & Shen, G. (2020). Substantial changes in nitrogen dioxide and ozone after excluding meteorological impacts during the COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 7, 402\u2013408.","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters"},{"key":"5764_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140005","volume":"740","author":"MA Zoran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zoran, M. A., Savastru, R. S., Savastru, D. M., & Tautan, M. N. (2020). Assessing the relationship between ground levels of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with coronavirus (COVID-19) in Milan. Italy. Science of the Total Environment, 740, 140005.","journal-title":"Italy. Science of the Total Environment"}],"container-title":["Water, Air, & Soil Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11270-022-05764-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11270-022-05764-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11270-022-05764-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T05:18:25Z","timestamp":1661318305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11270-022-05764-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["5764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-022-05764-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/essoar.10505568.1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0049-6979","1573-2932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-6979","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"289"}}