{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T18:09:55Z","timestamp":1785866995913,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013131","name":"Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MK5290.2012.4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MK5290.2012.4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Volga State University of Technology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007051","name":"Uppsala University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Microbiol Biotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lichens are symbiotic organisms formed by a fungus and one or more photosynthetic partners which are usually alga or cyanobacterium. Their diverse and scarcely studied metabolites facilitate adaptability to extreme living conditions. We investigated<jats:italic>Evernia prunastri<\/jats:italic>(L.) Ach., a widely distributed lichen, for its antimicrobial and antioxidant potential.<jats:italic>E. prunastri<\/jats:italic>was sequentially extracted by hexane (Hex), dichloromethane (DCM) and acetonitrile (ACN) that were screened for their antioxidant and antimicrobial (against<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Escherichia coli and Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>) activities. The Hex extract possessed the highest antioxidant capacity (87\u00a0mg ascorbic acid\/g extract) corresponding to the highest content of phenols (73\u00a0mg gallic acid\/g extract). The DCM and Hex extracts were both active against<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>(MICs of 4 and 21\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml, respectively) but were less active against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast. The ACN extract exhibited activity on both<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>(MIC 14\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml) and<jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>(MIC 38\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml) and was therefore further fractionated by silica gel column chromatography. The active compound of the most potent fraction was subsequently characterized by<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H and<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-NMR spectroscopy and identified as evernic acid. Structural similarity analyses were performed between compounds from<jats:italic>E. prunastri<\/jats:italic>and known antibiotics from different classes. The structural similarity was not present. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of<jats:italic>E. prunastri<\/jats:italic>extracts originate from multiple chemical compounds; besides usnic acid, most notably evernic acid and derivatives thereof. Evernic acid and its derivatives represent possible candidates for a new class of antibiotics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Graphic abstract<\/jats:title><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-021-03099-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T04:02:31Z","timestamp":1625630551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Evernia prunastri extracts and their isolates"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Shcherbakova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Str\u00f6mstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"G\u00f6ransson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Gnezdilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Turanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Boldbaatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Kochkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Ulrich-Merzenich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1249-8876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Koptina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3099_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233712469655","volume":"31","author":"L Alpsoy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alpsoy L, Orhan F, Nardemir G et al (2015) Antigenotoxic potencies of a lichen species, Evernia prunastri. Toxicol Ind Health 31:153\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0748233712469655","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"3099_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12312","volume":"72","author":"F Andersen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andersen F, Andersen KH, Bernois A et al (2015) Reduced content of chloroatranol and atranol in oak moss absolute significantly reduces the elicitation potential of this fragrance material. Contact Dermat 72:75\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.12312","journal-title":"Contact Dermat"},{"key":"3099_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2019.01.005","volume":"1860","author":"YN Antonenko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Antonenko YN, Khailova LS, Rokitskaya TI et al (2019) Mechanism of action of an old antibiotic revisited: role of calcium ions in protonophoric activity of usnic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1860:310\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbabio.2019.01.005","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg"},{"key":"3099_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8104538","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8104538","volume":"2020","author":"N Aoussar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aoussar N, Laasri FE, Bourhia M et al (2020) Phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of lichens. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2020:8104538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8104538","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"3099_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2015.1007455","volume":"29","author":"AAS Ara\u00fajo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo AAS, De Melo MGD, Rabelo TK et al (2015) Review of the biological properties and toxicity of usnic acid. Nat Prod Res 29:2167\u20132180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786419.2015.1007455","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"key":"3099_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.12.024","volume":"192","author":"HDA Ara\u00fajo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo HDA, Aires AL, Soares CLR et al (2019) Usnic acid potassium salt from Cladonia substellata (Lichen): synthesis, cytotoxicity and in vitro anthelmintic activity and ultrastructural analysis against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop 192:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.12.024","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3099_CR7","first-page":"2071","volume":"102","author":"P Arneborn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arneborn P, Jansson A, B\u00f6ttiger Y (2005) Acute hepatitis in a woman after intake of slimming pills bought via Internet. Lakartidningen 102:2071\u20132072","journal-title":"Lakartidningen"},{"key":"3099_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Avalos A, Vicente C (1987) The occurrence of lichen phenolics in the photobiont cells of Evernia prunastri. Plant Cell Rep 6:74\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00269744","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00269744"},{"key":"3099_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-005-7847-3","volume":"27","author":"BC Behera","year":"2005","unstructured":"Behera BC, Verma N, Sonone A, Makhija U (2005) Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of lichen Usnea ghattensis in vitro. Biotechnol Lett 27:991\u2013995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10529-005-7847-3","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"},{"key":"3099_CR10","unstructured":"Belodubrovskaya GA, Blinova KF, Vandyshev VV et al (2004) Herbal drugs. Pharmacognosy. SpetsLit, Saint-Peterburg"},{"key":"3099_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2017-0168","volume":"10","author":"MV Bertacine Dias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bertacine Dias MV, Santos JC, Libreros-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga GA et al (2018) Folate biosynthesis pathway: mechanisms and insights into drug design for infectious diseases. Future Med Chem 10:935\u2013959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4155\/fmc-2017-0168","journal-title":"Future Med Chem"},{"key":"3099_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00431A","volume":"47","author":"MJ Calcott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calcott MJ, Ackerley DF, Knight A et al (2018) Secondary metabolism in the lichen symbiosis. Chem Soc Rev 47:1730\u20131760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C7CS00431A","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"3099_CR13","unstructured":"CLSI (2018)\u00a0Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing,\u00a028th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA"},{"key":"3099_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13374-4_2","volume-title":"Lichen secondary metabolites: bioactive properties and pharmaceutical potential","author":"SD Crawford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crawford SD (2015) Lichens used in traditional medicine. In: Rankovi\u0107 B (ed) Lichen secondary metabolites: bioactive properties and pharmaceutical potential. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 27\u201380"},{"key":"3099_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21086","author":"C Damman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Damman C (2013) Salicylates and the microbiota: a new mechanistic understanding of an ancient drug\u2019s role in dermatological and gastrointestinal disease. Drug Dev Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ddr.21086","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"3099_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2004.09.003","volume":"36","author":"EAB De Carvalho","year":"2005","unstructured":"De Carvalho EAB, Andrade PP, Silva NH et al (2005) Effect of usnic acid from the lichen Cladonia substellata on Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro: an ultrastructural study. Micron 36:155\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micron.2004.09.003","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"3099_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-018-1409-6","volume":"8","author":"MK Derici","year":"2018","unstructured":"Derici MK, Cansaran-Duman D, Taylan-\u00d6zkan A (2018) Usnic acid causes apoptotic-like death in Leishmania major, L. infantum and L. tropica. 3 Biotech 8:384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13205-018-1409-6","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"3099_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.11.010","volume":"53","author":"GA Durand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Durand GA, Raoult D, Dubourg G (2019) Antibiotic discovery: history, methods and perspectives. Int J Antimicrob Agents 53:371\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.11.010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"3099_CR19","unstructured":"EUCAST (2019) The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Routine and extended internal quality control for MIC determination and disk diffusion as recommended by EUCAST. Version 9.0, 2019. http:\/\/www.eucast.org"},{"key":"3099_CR20","unstructured":"EUCAST (2020) The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Routine and extended internal quality control for MIC determination and agar dilution for yeasts and moulds as recommended by EUCAST Version 4.0, 2020. http:\/\/www.eucast.org"},{"key":"3099_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.04.030","volume":"105","author":"C Fern\u00e1ndez-Moriano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Moriano C, Divakar PK, Crespo A, G\u00f3mez-Serranillos MP (2017) Protective effects of lichen metabolites evernic and usnic acids against redox impairment-mediated cytotoxicity in central nervous system-like cells. Food Chem Toxicol 105:262\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2017.04.030","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3099_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/s0742-8413(96)00127-2","volume":"116","author":"A Fournet","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fournet A, Ferreira ME, Rojas de Arias A et al (1997) Activity of compounds isolated from Chilean lichens against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Comp Biochem Physiol Part C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 116:51\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0742-8413(96)00127-2","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol Part C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol"},{"key":"3099_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4360","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.11.4360","volume":"48","author":"I Francolini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Francolini I, Norris P, Piozzi A et al (2004) Usnic acid, a natural antimicrobial agent able to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation on polymer surfaces. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:4360\u20134365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.48.11.4360","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3099_CR24","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Advances in microbiology, infectious diseases and public health","author":"I Francolini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Francolini I, Piozzi A, Donelli G (2019) Usnic acid: potential role in management of wound infections. In: Donelli G (ed) Advances in microbiology, infectious diseases and public health, vol 13. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 31\u201341"},{"key":"3099_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2012.740033","volume":"27","author":"MC Fritis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fritis MC, Lagos CR, Sobarzo NQ et al (2013) Depsides and triterpenes in Pseudocyphellaria coriifolia (lichens) and biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Nat Prod Res 27:1607\u20131610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786419.2012.740033","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"key":"3099_CR26","unstructured":"Garcia-Mateos RSM-CE-MS-HE-MP-TE-M del R (2017) Phenolic antioxidant capacity: a review of the state of the art. IntechOpen, Rijeka, p Ch. 4"},{"key":"3099_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-1999-7-824","volume":"54","author":"J Garcia Rowe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Garcia Rowe J, Garcia Gimenez MD, Saenz Rodriguez MT (1999) Some lichen products have antimicrobial activity. Z Naturforsch C 54:605\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/znc-1999-7-824","journal-title":"Z Naturforsch C"},{"key":"3099_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-016-2105-5","volume":"32","author":"B G\u00f6kals\u0131n","year":"2016","unstructured":"G\u00f6kals\u0131n B, Sesal NC (2016) Lichen secondary metabolite evernic acid as potential quorum sensing inhibitor against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 32:150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11274-016-2105-5","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3099_CR29","volume-title":"Handbook of the lichens of Russia: part 6, Alectoriaceae, Parmeliaceae, Stereocaulaceae","author":"NS Golubkova","year":"1996","unstructured":"Golubkova NS, Dombrovskaja MP, Zhurbenko MP et al (1996) Handbook of the lichens of Russia: part 6, Alectoriaceae, Parmeliaceae, Stereocaulaceae. Nauka, Saint Petersburg"},{"key":"3099_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1021\/ci7004093","volume":"48","author":"R Guha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guha R, Van Drie JH (2008) Structure\u2212activity landscape index: identifying and quantifying activity Cliffs. J Chem Inf Model 48:646\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ci7004093","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Model"},{"key":"3099_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/10590500802533392","volume":"26","author":"L Guo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guo L, Shi Q, Fang JL et al (2008) Review of usnic acid and Usnea barbata toxicity. J Environ Sci Heal Part C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 26:317\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10590500802533392","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Heal Part C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev"},{"key":"3099_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1706-7","volume":"31","author":"VK Gupta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gupta VK, Verma S, Gupta S et al (2012) Membrane-damaging potential of natural L-(-)-usnic acid in Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31:3375\u20133383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-012-1706-7","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"3099_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2003.09.032","volume":"67","author":"D Han","year":"2004","unstructured":"Han D, Matsumaru K, Rettori D, Kaplowitz N (2004) Usnic acid-induced necrosis of cultured mouse hepatocytes: inhibition of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Biochem Pharmacol 67:439\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2003.09.032","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"3099_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184301","author":"A Hawry\u0142","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hawry\u0142 A, Hawry\u0142 M, Hajnos-Stolarz A et al (2020) HPLC fingerprint analysis with the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of selected lichens combined with the chemometric calculations. Molecules. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25184301","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"3099_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025320","author":"DC Hooper","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hooper DC, Jacoby GA (2016) Topoisomerase inhibitors: fluoroquinolone mechanisms of action and resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a025320","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"3099_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.03855.x","volume":"20","author":"L-M Hsu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsu L-M, Huang Y-S, Chang F-Y, Lee S-D (2005) \u201cFat burner\u201d herb, usnic acid, induced acute hepatitis in a family. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20:1138\u20131139","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"3099_CR37","unstructured":"Huneck S, Yoshimura I (eds) (1996) Identification of lichen substances. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 11\u2013123"},{"key":"3099_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.10.008","volume":"51","author":"MI Hutchings","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hutchings MI, Truman AW, Wilkinson B (2019) Antibiotics: past, present and future. Curr Opin Microbiol 51:72\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2019.10.008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"3099_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00383-7","volume":"61","author":"K Ing\u00f3lfsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ing\u00f3lfsd\u00f3ttir K (2002) Usnic acid. Phytochemistry 61:729\u2013736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00383-7","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"3099_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1916","volume":"24","author":"D Joulain","year":"2009","unstructured":"Joulain D, Tabacchi R (2009) Lichen extracts as raw materials in perfumery. Part 1: oakmoss. Flavour Fragr J 24:49\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ffj.1916","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr J"},{"key":"3099_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5151","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA10182E","volume":"9","author":"DS Karlov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karlov DS, Sosnin S, Tetko IV, Fedorov MV (2019) Chemical space exploration guided by deep neural networks. RSC Adv 9:5151\u20135157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C8RA10182E","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"3099_CR42","unstructured":"Kemnic TR, Coleman M (2021) Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole.\u00a0In:\u00a0StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL). December 11, 2020"},{"key":"3099_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2010.06.017","volume":"101","author":"C Kohlhardt-Floehr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kohlhardt-Floehr C, Boehm F, Troppens S et al (2010) Prooxidant and antioxidant behaviour of usnic acid from lichens under UVB-light irradiation\u2014studies on human cells. J Photochem Photobiol B 101:97\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2010.06.017","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"key":"3099_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.11.034","volume":"53","author":"M Kosani\u0107","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kosani\u0107 M, Manojlovi\u0107 N, Jankovi\u0107 S et al (2013) Evernia prunastri and Pseudoevernia furfuraceae lichens and their major metabolites as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Food Chem Toxicol 53:112\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2012.11.034","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3099_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1021\/np400083k","volume":"76","author":"IL Lauinger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lauinger IL, Vivas L, Perozzo R et al (2013) Potential of lichen secondary metabolites against Plasmodium liver stage parasites with FAS-II as the potential target. J Nat Prod 76:1064\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/np400083k","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"3099_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/617401","author":"JSB Luz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Luz JSB, De Oliveira EB, Martins MCB et al (2015) Ultrastructural analysis of Leishmania infantum chagasi promastigotes forms treated in vitro with usnic acid. Sci World J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/617401","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"3099_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2018.1472239","volume":"28","author":"OA Luzina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luzina OA, Salakhutdinov NF (2018) Usnic acid and its derivatives for pharmaceutical use: a patent review (2000\u20132017). Expert Opin Ther Pat 28:477\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13543776.2018.1472239","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Pat"},{"key":"3099_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12409","volume":"353","author":"M Maci\u0105g-Dorszy\u0144ska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maci\u0105g-Dorszy\u0144ska M, W\u0119grzyn G, Guzow-Krzemi\u0144ska B (2014) Antibacterial activity of lichen secondary metabolite usnic acid is primarily caused by inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 353:57\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1574-6968.12409","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"3099_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.07.012","volume":"19","author":"N Manojlovic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manojlovic N, Rankovic B, Kosanic M et al (2012) Chemical composition of three Parmelia lichens and antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of some their major metabolites. Phytomedicine 19:1166\u20131172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.07.012","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"3099_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22040651","volume":"22","author":"M Millot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Millot M, Girardot M, Dutreix L et al (2017) Antifungal and anti-biofilm activities of acetone lichen extracts against Candida albicans. Molecules 22:651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules22040651","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"3099_CR51","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"T Mitrovic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mitrovic T, Stamenkovic S, Cvetkovic V et al (2011) Lichens as source of versatile bioactive compounds. Biol Nyssana 2:1\u20136","journal-title":"Biol Nyssana"},{"key":"3099_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5428","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12085428","volume":"12","author":"T Mitrovi\u0107","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mitrovi\u0107 T, Stamenkovi\u0107 S, Cvetkovi\u0107 V et al (2011) Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of five lichen species. Int J Mol Sci 12:5428\u20135448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms12085428","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3099_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180214122944","volume":"26","author":"HHH Mohammed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammed HHH, Abuo-Rahma GE-DAA, Abbas SH, Abdelhafez E-SMN (2019) Current trends and future directions of fluoroquinolones. Curr Med Chem 26:3132\u20133149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867325666180214122944","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"3099_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12126","author":"M Mowitz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mowitz M, Zimerson E, Svedman C, Bruze M (2013) Patch testing with serial dilutions and thin-layer chromatograms of oak moss absolutes containing high and low levels of atranol and chloroatranol. Contact Dermat. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.12126","journal-title":"Contact Dermat"},{"key":"3099_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(97)00958-8","volume":"48","author":"T Narui","year":"1998","unstructured":"Narui T, Sawada K, Takatsuki S et al (1998) NMR assignments of depsides and tridepsides of the lichen family umbilicariaceae. Phytochemistry 48:815\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0031-9422(97)00958-8","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"3099_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.06.028","volume":"41","author":"GW Neff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Neff GW, Reddy KR, Durazo FA et al (2004) Severe hepatotoxicity associated with the use of weight loss diet supplements containing ma huang or usnic acid. J Hepatol 41:1062\u20131064","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"3099_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3np70064j","author":"K Nguyen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nguyen K (2013) UV-protectant metabolites from lichens and their symbiotic partners. Nat Prod Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c3np70064j","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rep"},{"key":"3099_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2015.06.009","volume":"179","author":"P Nithyanand","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nithyanand P, Beema Shafreen RM, Muthamil S, Karutha Pandian S (2015) Usnic acid inhibits biofilm formation and virulent morphological traits of Candida albicans. Microbiol Res 179:20\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micres.2015.06.009","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"3099_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.6b00902","volume":"11","author":"R Pastrana-Mena","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pastrana-Mena R, Mathias DK, Delves M et al (2016) A malaria transmission-blocking (+)-usnic acid derivative prevents Plasmodium zygote-to-ookinete maturation in the mosquito midgut. ACS Chem Biol 11:3461\u20133472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschembio.6b00902","journal-title":"ACS Chem Biol"},{"key":"3099_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-116442","volume":"83","author":"MA Peralta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peralta MA, da Silva MA, Ortega MG et al (2017) Usnic acid activity on oxidative and nitrosative stress of azole-resistant Candida albicans biofilm. Planta Med 83:326\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-116442","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"3099_CR61","first-page":"286","volume":"96","author":"G Piorkowski","year":"1957","unstructured":"Piorkowski G (1957) Usnic acid as an oral antivirotic. Ther Ggw 96:286\u2013287","journal-title":"Ther Ggw"},{"key":"3099_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05348-11","volume":"56","author":"RH Pires","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pires RH, Lucarini R, Mendes-Giannini MJS (2012) Effect of usnic acid on Candida orthopsilosis and C. parapsilosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:595\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.05348-11","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3099_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.142","volume":"8","author":"A Pompilio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pompilio A, Pomponio S, Di Vincenzo V et al (2013) Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of secondary metabolites of lichens against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from cystic fibrosis patients. Future Microbiol 8:281\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fmb.12.142","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"3099_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2016-0049","volume":"11","author":"A Pompilio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pompilio A, Riviello A, Crocetta V et al (2016) Evaluation of antibacterial and antibiofilm mechanisms by usnic acid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol 11:1315\u20131338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fmb-2016-0049","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"3099_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.10.019","volume":"90","author":"P Pramyothin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pramyothin P, Janthasoot W, Pongnimitprasert N et al (2004) Hepatotoxic effect of (+)usnic acid from Usnea siamensis Wainio in rats, isolated rat hepatocytes and isolated rat liver mitochondria. J Ethnopharmacol 90:381\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2003.10.019","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"3099_CR66","first-page":"195","volume":"51","author":"B Proksa","year":"1996","unstructured":"Proksa B, \u0160turd\u00edkov\u00e1 M, Pr\u00f3nayov\u00e1 N, Liptaj T (1996) (-)-Usnic acid and its derivatives. their inhibition of fungal growth and enzyme activity. Pharmazie 51:195\u2013196","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"3099_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13374-4","volume-title":"Lichen secondary metabolites: bioactive properties and pharmaceutical potential","author":"B Rankovi\u0107","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rankovi\u0107 B, Kosani\u0107 M (2015) Lichens as a potential source of bioactive secondary metabolites. In: Rankovi\u0107 B (ed) Lichen secondary metabolites: bioactive properties and pharmaceutical potential. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1\u201326"},{"key":"3099_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1021\/ci500588j","volume":"55","author":"T Sander","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sander T, Freyss J, von Korff M, Rufener C (2015) DataWarrior: an open-source program for chemistry aware data visualization and analysis. J Chem Inf Model 55:460\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ci500588j","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Model"},{"key":"3099_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2321","volume":"22","author":"G Schmeda-Hirschmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Tapia A, Lima B et al (2008) A new antifungal and antiprotozoal depside from the andean lichen Protousnea poeppigii. Phytother Res 22:349\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.2321","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"3099_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113656","volume":"268","author":"A Sepahvand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sepahvand A, Studzi\u0144ska-Sroka E, Ramak P, Karimian V (2021) Usnea sp.: antimicrobial potential, bioactive compounds, ethnopharmacological uses and other pharmacological properties; a review article. J Ethnopharmacol 268:113656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113656","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"3099_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-013-9283-7","volume":"12","author":"G Shrestha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shrestha G, Clair LLS (2013) Lichens: a promising source of antibiotic and anticancer drugs. Phytochem Rev 12:229\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11101-013-9283-7","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"key":"3099_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.03.021","volume":"166","author":"K Si","year":"2016","unstructured":"Si K, Wei L, Yu X et al (2016) Effects of (+)-usnic acid and (+)-usnic acid-liposome on Toxoplasma gondii. Exp Parasitol 166:68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.03.021","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"3099_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12650","volume":"9","author":"S Sinha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sinha S, Gupta VK, Kumar P et al (2019) Usnic acid modifies MRSA drug resistance through down-regulation of proteins involved in peptidoglycan and fatty acid biosynthesis. FEBS Open Bio 9:2025\u20132040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2211-5463.12650","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"3099_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2012.09.084","volume":"22","author":"DN Sokolov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sokolov DN, Zarubaev VV, Shtro AA et al (2012) Anti-viral activity of (-) - and (+) -usnic acids and their derivatives against influenza virus A (H1N1) 2009. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22:7060\u20137064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmcl.2012.09.084","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"3099_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900465","volume":"17","author":"R Staples","year":"2020","unstructured":"Staples R, LaDuca RL, Roze LV et al (2020) Structure and chemical analysis of major specialized metabolites produced by the lichen Evernia prunastri. Chem Biodivers 17:e1900465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.201900465","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"key":"3099_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stocker-W\u00f6rg\u00f6tter E, Cordeiro LMC, Iacomini M (2013) Chapter 10\u2014Accumulation of potential pharmaceutically relevant lichen metabolites in lichens and cultured lichen symbionts. In: Chemistry A-RBT-S in NP (ed) Studies in natural products chemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 337\u2013380","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62615-8.00010-2"},{"issue":"10","key":"3099_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2017.06.018","volume":"1859","author":"Adam A. Str\u00f6mstedt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Str\u00f6mstedt AA, Park S, Burman R, G\u00f6ransson U (2017) Bactericidal activity of cyclotides where phosphatidylethanolamine-lipid selectivity determines antimicrobial spectra. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1859(10):1986\u20132000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamem.2017.06.018","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes"},{"key":"3099_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557517666170425105727","volume":"17","author":"E Studzinska-Sroka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Studzinska-Sroka E, Galanty A, Bylka W (2017) Atranorin\u2014an interesting lichen secondary metabolite. Mini Rev Med Chem 17:1633\u20131645","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"3099_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapalsky DV, Petrenev DR, Khramchenkova OM, Doroshkevich AS (2017) Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of lichens prevalent in Belarus. Zhurnal Mikrobiol Epidemiol i Immunobiol 2:60\u201365","DOI":"10.36233\/0372-9311-2017-2-60-65"},{"key":"3099_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934578X1601100","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X1601100419","volume":"11","author":"MG Tozatti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tozatti MG, Ferreira DS, Flauzino LGB et al (2016) Activity of the lichen Usnea steineri and its major metabolites against Gram\u2013positive, multidrug\u2013resistant bacteria. Nat Prod Commun 11:1934578X1601100419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1934578X1601100419","journal-title":"Nat Prod Commun"},{"key":"3099_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12117","volume":"69","author":"W Uter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uter W, Johansen JD, B\u00f6rje A et al (2013) Categorization of fragrance contact allergens for prioritization of preventive measures: clinical and experimental data and consideration of structure\u2013activity relationships. Contact Dermat 69:196\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.12117","journal-title":"Contact Dermat"},{"key":"3099_CR81","first-page":"3221","volume":"15","author":"L Van Der Maaten","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Der Maaten L (2014) Accelerating T-SNE using tree-based algorithms. J Mach Learn Res 15:3221\u20133245","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"3099_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1039\/C8MD00076J","volume":"9","author":"K Victor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Victor K, Boris L, Athina G et al (2018) Design, synthesis and antimicrobial activity of usnic acid derivatives. MedChemComm 9:870\u2013882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C8MD00076J","journal-title":"MedChemComm"},{"key":"3099_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/s0367-326x(00)00209-4","volume":"71","author":"CS Vijayakumar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vijayakumar CS, Viswanathan S, Reddy MK et al (2000) Anti-inflammatory activity of (+)-usnic acid. Fitoterapia 71:564\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0367-326x(00)00209-4","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"3099_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1021\/ci050358k","volume":"46","author":"M von Korff","year":"2006","unstructured":"von Korff M, Sander T (2006) Toxicity-indicating structural patterns. J Chem Inf Model 46:536\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ci050358k","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Model"},{"key":"3099_CR85","first-page":"36","volume":"29","author":"X-P Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang X-P, Liu H-J, Zhen L et al (2006) Plasmid elimination effect of usnic acid on antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Zhong Yao Cai 29:36\u201339","journal-title":"Zhong Yao Cai"},{"key":"3099_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4601","volume":"92","author":"AH Wei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wei AH, Zhou DN, Ruan JL et al (2012) Characterisation of phenols and antioxidant and hypolipidaemic activities of Lethariella cladonioides. J Sci Food Agric 92:373\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.4601","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"3099_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14496","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190914496","volume":"19","author":"PA White","year":"2014","unstructured":"White PA, Oliveira RC, Oliveira AP et al (2014) Antioxidant activity and mechanisms of action of natural compounds isolated from lichens: a systematic review. Molecules 19:14496\u201314527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules190914496","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"3099_CR93","unstructured":"WHO (2020) Antibiotic resistance. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antibiotic-resistance. Accessed 31 Mar 2021"},{"key":"3099_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521","volume":"3","author":"I Wiegand","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wiegand I, Hilpert K, Hancock REW (2008) Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances. Nat Protoc 3:163\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2007.521","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"3099_CR89","unstructured":"Wirth V, Anderegg D (1995) The lichens: Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. Ulmer"},{"key":"3099_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.43.1388","volume":"43","author":"Y Yamamoto","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yamamoto Y, Miura Y, Kinoshita Y et al (1995) Screening of tissue cultures and thalli of lichens and some of their active constituents for inhibition of tumor promoter-induced Epstein-Barr virus activation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 43:1388\u20131390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/cpb.43.1388","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)"},{"key":"3099_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2004-3-423","volume":"59","author":"M Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz M, Turk AO, Tay T, Kivanc M (2004) The antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Cladonia foliacea and its (-) -usnic acid, atranorin, and fumarprotocetraric acid constituents. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforsch 59:249\u2013254","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Fur Naturforsch"},{"key":"3099_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2011.633089","volume":"50","author":"VP Zambare","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zambare VP, Christopher LP (2012) Biopharmaceutical potential of lichens. Pharm Biol 50:778\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13880209.2011.633089","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11274-021-03099-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11274-021-03099-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11274-021-03099-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T18:45:58Z","timestamp":1699209958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11274-021-03099-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11274-021-03099-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-3993","1573-0972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-3993","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0972","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"129"}}