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It is an important virulence factor that plays a critical role in <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> infections as a redox-active secondary metabolite and a quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecule. Pyocyanin production from chorismic acid requires the involvement of two homologous operons, <jats:italic>phz1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>phz2<\/jats:italic>, which are activated by QS regulatory proteins. Pyocyanin inhibits the proliferation of bacterial, fungal, and mammalian cells by inducing oxidative stress due to which it acts as a potent antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer agent. Its potential role as a neuroprotectant needs further exploration. However, pyocyanin exacerbates the damaging effects of nosocomial infections caused by <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> in immunocompromised individuals. Further, cystic fibrosis (CF)\u00a0patients are highly susceptible to persistent <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> infections in the respiratory system. The bacterial cells form colonies and three interconnected QS networks\u2014<jats:italic>pqs, las<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>rhl<\/jats:italic>\u2014get activated, thus stimulating the cells to produce pyocyanin which exacerbates pulmonary complications. As an opportunistic pathogen, <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> produces pyocyanin to impede the recovery of injuries like burn wounds through its anti-proliferative activity. Moreover, pyocyanin plays a vital role in compounding <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> infections by promoting biofilm formation. This review begins with a brief description of the characteristics of pyocyanin, its activity, and the different aspects of its production including its biosynthesis, the role of QS, and the effect of environmental factors. It then goes on to explore the potential applications of pyocyanin as a biotherapeutic molecule while also highlighting the biomedical challenges and limitations that it presents.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-024-03889-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T19:02:02Z","timestamp":1707591722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["A biomedical perspective of pyocyanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: its applications and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2498-0473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samriti Balaji","family":"Mudaliar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9095-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alevoor Srinivas","family":"Bharath Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3889_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-022-01988-x","volume":"21","author":"AA Abdelaziz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelaziz AA, Kamer AMA, Al-Monofy KB, Al-Madboly LA (2022) A purified and lyophilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa derived pyocyanin induces promising apoptotic and necrotic activities against MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma. 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