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The need to identify effective alternatives facing bacterial diseases is significantly highlighted. Nanomaterials have the potential to be a game-changing weapon in the battle against infectious diseases. Melanin, with the assistance of different doses of gamma rays, successfully produced highly stable Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs. The most effective dose was 40\u00a0kGy. Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs were characterized using FTIR, XRD, DLS\/zeta potential, and TEM. In this study, the antibacterial efficacy of Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs versus the extra-intestinal bacteria\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    was evaluated. Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs at 200 \u00b5L generate inhibition zone diameters of 35.26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.305 and 38.42\u2009\u00b1\u20090.570\u00a0mm for\n                    <jats:italic>C. freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>E. aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively. Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs at 200 \u00b5L caused significant biofilm reduction of 81.05 and 88.25% also, registered a significant decline in the colony count of (0.29\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) for\n                    <jats:italic>C. freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and (0.15\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) for\n                    <jats:italic>E. aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs greatly decreased catalase activity, displaying 1.5 \u00b1 0.62 and 6.0 \u00b1 0.91 U\/mL, and lipase activity exhibiting 12.13\u2009\u00b1\u20090.34 and 6.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.26 U\/mL for\n                    <jats:italic>C. freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>E. aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively. SEM observations indicated that the bacterial cell membrane was disrupted, resulting in significant ultrastructure alterations. Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs reported a moderate cytotoxic effect on normal kidney epithelial cells with IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    value of 513.9\u2009\u00b1\u20092.71\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL. In conclusion, Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs exhibited potential antibacterial activity, suggesting recommended usage in medical fields. The novelty of this study is the use of low-dose gamma irradiation to synthesize highly stable Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-025-04533-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T03:39:36Z","timestamp":1756179576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Green synthesis of gamma rays-induced melanin-based bismuth oxide nanoparticles for evaluation of the antibacterial and anti-virulence activities against extra-intestinal pathogenic bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7978-903X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira Y.","family":"Mahfouz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nermine N.","family":"Abed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira S.","family":"Abd-EL-Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2902-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasha Mohammad","family":"Fathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"4533_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02335-y","volume":"23","author":"AS Abd-EL-Aziz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abd-EL-Aziz AS, Abed NN, Mahfouz AY, Fathy RM (2024) Production and characterization of melanin pigment from black fungus Curvularia soli AS21 ON076460 assisted gamma rays for promising medical uses. 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