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On Egyptian dairy farms, our findings revealed that while calf diarrhea peaked during the winter, a higher rate of multidrug resistance was consistently observed in isolates from the summer, directly linking seasonal pressures to AMR dissemination. Strikingly, a mastitis isolate was confirmed as the highly virulent\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    O157:H7 serotype, harboring the Shiga toxin genes\n                    <jats:italic>stx1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>stx2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , underscoring a direct and significant public health risk. To dissect the molecular basis of these trends, we pioneered the use of a novel Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Polymerase Chain Reaction (SSCP-PCR) assay on 33 selected isolates. This high-throughput approach revealed prevalent mutations in resistance genes (\n                    <jats:italic>blaTEM<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and the virulence gene (\n                    <jats:italic>fimH<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Crucially, sequencing confirmed that mutations in the highly conserved\n                    <jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene significantly co-occurred with mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>blaTEM<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>fimH<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>lacI<\/jats:italic>\n                    , providing compelling evidence for co-selected adaptive pathways and clonal expansion. Our research demonstrates that climate-driven environmental pressures fuel the co-evolution of AMR and virulence on farms, championing SSCP-PCR as a robust tool for tracking microbial evolution and advocating for integrated, molecularly-informed One Health strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-025-04616-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T06:47:26Z","timestamp":1761634046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Climate-driven co-evolution of antimicrobial resistance and virulence in Escherichia coli on dairy farms: unraveling adaptive genetic signatures with novel SSCP-PCR"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Fawzia A.","family":"El-Shenawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A. 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