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Among the tested substrates, pumpkin pomace yielded the highest ethanol concentrations, particularly at the highest biomass loading (150\u00a0g\/L). Enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase was optimized, with 60 FPU\/g substrate identified as the most cost-effective loading for maximizing sugar release and ethanol yield. The application of metal oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and NiO) was explored to enhance fermentation efficiency. NiO nanoparticles at 20\u00a0mg\/100 mL significantly improved bioethanol production. Without supplementation, 21.93\u00a0g\/L of bioethanol (Y\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>P\/S max<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    : 0.24\u00a0g\/g, Q\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>p max<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    : 0.18\u00a0g\/L.h) was obtained from 150\u00a0g\/L PP. However, when 20\u00a0mg\/100 mL NiO nanoparticles were added to a 150\u00a0g\/L pumpkin pomace medium, and the enzyme loading was adjusted to 60 FPU\/g substrate, the ethanol concentration increased by 95.8% to 42.64\u00a0g\/L. Y\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>P\/S max<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    and Q\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>p max<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    were found to be 0.40\u00a0g\/g and 0.89\u00a0g\/L.h, respectively, in these conditions. These results demonstrate that integrating nanoparticle-assisted hydrolysis and fermentation is an effective, cost-saving approach to enhance bioethanol production from low-value agricultural residues, providing a promising approach for sustainable biofuel generation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-026-04818-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:11:49Z","timestamp":1770883909000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating enzymatic hydrolysis and nanoparticle catalysis for sustainable bioethanol production from pumpkin and dragon fruit pomace by non-conventional yeasts based fermentation prosesses"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5682-6942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayb\u00fcke Kut","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2675-134X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekin","family":"Demiray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9544-0276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevgi Ertu\u011frul","family":"Karatay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"4818_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen HZ, Liu ZH (2017) Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass from low to high solids loading. 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