{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:35:54Z","timestamp":1793140554046,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Microbiol Biotechnol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-026-04923-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T01:55:17Z","timestamp":1774922117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the roles of fungal extracellular vesicles in fungal pathogenesis and symbiosis: Current understandings and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Subham","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishee","family":"Hazra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bikram","family":"Dhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Entaj","family":"Tarafder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arup Kumar","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"4923_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00214","volume":"10","author":"F Almeida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Almeida F, Rodrigues ML, Coelho C (2019) The still underestimated problem of fungal diseases worldwide. Frontiers in Microbiology 10:214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00214","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4923_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12020156","volume":"12","author":"V Alves","year":"2026","unstructured":"Alves V, Mulholland CV, Zamith-Miranda D, Frases S, Berney M, Nosanchuk JD (2026) Caspofungin Reshapes the Extracellular Vesicles Metabolome of Candidozyma (Candida) auris, Altering Amino Acid and Nucleotide Metabolism. Journal of Fungi 12(2):156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof12020156","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi"},{"issue":"10","key":"4923_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8100990","volume":"8","author":"RF Amatuzzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amatuzzi RF, Zamith-Miranda D, Munhoz da Rocha IF, Lucena ACR, de Toledo Martins S, Streit R, Staats CC, Trentin G, Almeida F, Rodrigues ML, Nosanchuk JD, Alves LR (2022) Caspofungin Affects Extracellular Vesicle Production and Cargo in Candida auris. Journal of Fungi 8(10):990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8100990","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi"},{"key":"4923_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amirinia, F., Morovati, H., Ardi, P., Jabrodini, A., & Motamedi, M. (2025). Fungal \u03b2-glucans: Biological properties, immunomodulatory effects, diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, 1, 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.36519\/idcm.2025.448"},{"issue":"10","key":"4923_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5214","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.10.5214-5220.2005","volume":"43","author":"E Bart-Delabesse","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bart-Delabesse E, Basile M, Al Jijakli A, Souville D, Gay F, Philippe B, Bossi P, Danis M, Vernant JP, Datry A (2005) Detection of Aspergillus galactomannan antigenemia to determine biological and clinical implications of beta-lactam treatments. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43(10):5214\u20135220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.43.10.5214-5220.2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4923_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03991-6","volume":"9","author":"E Bielska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bielska E, Sisquella MA, Aldeieg M, Birch C, O\u2019Donoghue EJ, May RC (2018) Pathogen-derived extracellular vesicles mediate virulence in the fatal human pathogen Cryptococcus gattii. Nature Communications 9(1):1556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-03991-6","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"14","key":"4923_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11142184","volume":"11","author":"TA Bitencourt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bitencourt TA, Pessoni AM, Oliveira BTM, Alves LR, Almeida F (2022) The RNA Content of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: At the \u201cCutting-Edge\u201d of Pathophysiology Regulation. Cells 11(14):2184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11142184","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"4923_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bourgeois, C., & Kuchler, K. (2012). Fungal pathogens - a sweet and sour treat for toll-like receptors. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00142","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00142"},{"issue":"11","key":"4923_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01062-w","volume":"22","author":"GD Brown","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brown GD, Ballou ER, Bates S, Bignell EM, Borman AM, Brand AC, Brown AJP, Coelho C, Cook PC, Farrer RA, Govender NP, Gow N, Hope W, Hoving JC, Dangarembizi R, Harrison TS, Johnson EM, Mukaremera L, Ramsdale M, Thornton CR, Usher J, Warris A, Wilson D (2024) The pathobiology of human fungal infections. Nature Reviews Microbiology 22(11):687\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-024-01062-w","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"4923_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-9946201759076","volume":"59","author":"DH C\u00e1ceres","year":"2017","unstructured":"C\u00e1ceres DH, Zuluaga A, Tabares \u00c1M, Chiller T, Gonz\u00e1lez \u00c1, G\u00f3mez BL (2017) Evaluation of a Cryptococcal antigen Lateral Flow Assay in serum and cerebrospinal fluid for rapid diagnosis of cryptococcosis in Colombia. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 59:e76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1678-9946201759076","journal-title":"Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"6393","key":"4923_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4142","volume":"360","author":"Q Cai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cai Q, Qiao L, Wang M, He B, Lin F, Palmquist J, Huang S, Jin H (2018) Plants send small RNAs in extracellular vesicles to fungal pathogen to silence virulence genes. Science 360(6393):1126\u20131129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aar4142","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"4923_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13217","volume":"22","author":"LG Cleare","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cleare LG, Zamith D, Heyman HM, Couvillion SP, Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML, Nakayasu ES, Nosanchuk JD (2020) Media matters! Alterations in the loading and release of Histoplasma capsulatum extracellular vesicles in response to different nutritional milieus. Cellular Microbiology 22(9):e13217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cmi.13217","journal-title":"Cellular Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4923_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2022.151227","volume":"101","author":"M Clos-Sansalvador","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clos-Sansalvador M, Mongui\u00f3-Tortajada M, Roura S, Franquesa M, Borr\u00e0s FE (2022) Commonly used methods for extracellular vesicles\u2019 enrichment: Implications in downstream analyses and use. European Journal of Cell Biology 101(3):151227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejcb.2022.151227","journal-title":"European Journal of Cell Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4923_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02909-18","volume":"10","author":"AC Colombo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colombo AC, Rella A, Normile T, Joffe LS, Tavares PM, de S Ara\u00fajo GR, Frases S, Orner EP, Farnoud AM, Fries BC, Sheridan B, Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML, Del Poeta M (2019) Cryptococcus neoformans Glucuronoxylomannan and Sterylglucoside Are Required for Host Protection in an Animal Vaccination Model. mBio 10(2):e02909-18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.02909-18","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"4923_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Toledo Martins, S., Szwarc, P., Goldenberg, S., & Alves, L. R. (2018). Extracellular vesicles in Fungi: composition and functions. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 422, 45\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/82_2018_141","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2018_141"},{"issue":"11","key":"4923_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12111006","volume":"12","author":"B De Jong","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Jong B, Barros ER, Hoenderop JGJ, Rigalli JP (2020) Recent advances in extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems and their potential in precision medicine. Pharmaceutics 12(11):1006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics12111006","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"8","key":"4923_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.70065","volume":"4","author":"CP De Rezende","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Rezende CP, Santos PWS, Piraine RA, Silvestrini VC, Barbosa JCJ, Valera FCP, Tamashiro E, Podolski-Gondim GG, Quintana SM, Calado R, Martinez R, Fill TP, Rodrigues ML, Almeida F (2025) Extracellular Vesicles from Fungal Infection in Humans: A Key Player in Immunological Responses. Journal of Extracellular Biology 4(8):e70065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jex2.70065","journal-title":"Journal of Extracellular Biology"},{"key":"4923_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Du, S., Guan, Y., Xie, A., Yan, Z., Gao, S., Li, W., Rao, L., Chen, X., & Chen, T. (2023). Extracellular vesicles: a rising star for therapeutics and drug delivery. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 21(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-023-01973-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01973-5"},{"issue":"8","key":"4923_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042736","volume":"7","author":"SF Dufresne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dufresne SF, Datta K, Li X, Dadachova E, Staab JF, Patterson TF, Feldmesser M, Marr KA (2012) Detection of urinary excreted fungal galactomannan-like antigens for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. PLOS One 7(8):e42736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0042736","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"4923_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040283","volume":"6","author":"T Fontaine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fontaine T, Latg\u00e9 JP (2020) Galactomannan Produced by Aspergillus fumigatus: An Update on the Structure, Biosynthesis and Biological Functions of an Emblematic Fungal Biomarker. Journal of Fungi 6(4):283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof6040283","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi"},{"issue":"6","key":"4923_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00747-19","volume":"4","author":"MS Freitas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freitas MS, Bonato VLD, Pessoni AM, Rodrigues ML, Casadevall A, Almeida F (2019) Fungal extracellular vesicles as potential targets for immune interventions. mSphere 4(6):00747-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msphere.00747-19","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"4923_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2024.1438060","volume":"5","author":"A Gonzalez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gonzalez A, Vainstein MH, Albuquerque P, Silva-Pereira I (2024) Editorial: Insights into fungal biology with emphasis on pathogenesis in humans. Frontiers in Fungal Biology 5:1438060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ffunb.2024.1438060","journal-title":"Frontiers in Fungal Biology"},{"issue":"11","key":"4923_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.70022","volume":"3","author":"MA Harding","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harding MA, Yavuz H, Gathmann A, Upson S, Swiatecka-Urban A, Erdbr\u00fcgger U (2024) Uromodulin and the study of urinary extracellular vesicles. Journal of Extracellular Biology 3(11):e70022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jex2.70022","journal-title":"Journal of Extracellular Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4923_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40093-4","volume":"14","author":"B He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He B, Wang H, Liu G, Chen A, Calvo A, Cai Q, Jin H (2023) Fungal small RNAs ride in extracellular vesicles to enter plant cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Nature Communications 14(1):4383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-40093-4","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"4923_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Honorato, L., Bonilla, J. J. A., Piffer, A. C., & Nimrichter, L. (2021). Fungal extracellular vesicles as a potential strategy for vaccine development. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 432, 121\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-83391-6_10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83391-6_10"},{"issue":"4","key":"4923_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres15040144","volume":"15","author":"MAK Ikeda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ikeda MAK, Campos RMS, Da Silva JL, Ferreira KS (2024) Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: Isolation, Characterization, and the Immune System Response. Microbiology Research 15(4):2146\u20132161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microbiolres15040144","journal-title":"Microbiology Research"},{"key":"4923_CR27","unstructured":"Issac, S. (1999). How do hyphal tip regions differ from the main body of the hypha in terms of function and activity? Mycologist, 13(4). https:\/\/www.davidmoore.org.uk\/assets\/fungi4schools\/Reprints\/Mycologist_articles\/Isaac_answers\/V13pp185-186hyphal_physiology.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"4923_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-019-0071-2","volume":"20","author":"G Janbon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Janbon G, Quintin J, Lanternier F, D\u2019Enfert C (2019) Studying fungal pathogens of humans and fungal infections: fungal diversity and diversity of approaches. Genes and Immunity 20(5):403\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41435-019-0071-2","journal-title":"Genes and Immunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"4923_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof911078","volume":"9","author":"J Karkowska-Kuleta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karkowska-Kuleta J, Kulig K, Bras G, Stelmaszczyk K, Surowiec M, Kozik A, Karnas E, Barczyk-Woznicka O, Zuba-Surma E, Pyza E, Rapala-Kozik M (2023) Candida albicans Biofilm-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Are Involved in the Tolerance to Caspofungin, Biofilm Detachment, and Fungal Proteolytic Activity. Journal of Fungi 9(11):1078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof911078","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi"},{"issue":"5","key":"4923_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00045-25","volume":"69","author":"M-J Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim M-J, Zarnowski R, Jones R, Nett JE, Andes D (2025) Vesicle inhibition reduces Candida biofilm resistance. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 69(5):e0004525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00045-25","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"4923_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, J. R., Hube, B., Puccia, R., Casadevall, A., & Perfect, J. R. (2017). Fungi that Infect Humans. Microbiology Spectrum, 5(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.funk-0014-2016","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.funk-0014-2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"4923_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-07086-9","volume":"21","author":"M Kono","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kono M, Kon Y, Ohmura Y, Satta Y, Terai Y (2020) In vitro resynthesis of lichenization reveals the genetic background of symbiosis-specific fungal-algal interaction in Usnea hakonensis. BMC Genomics 21(1):671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-020-07086-9","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"4923_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8545347","volume":"2018","author":"MY Konoshenko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konoshenko MY, Lekchnov EA, Vlassov AV, Laktionov PP (2018) Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles: General Methodologies and Latest Trends. BioMed Research International 2018:8545347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/8545347","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"issue":"2","key":"4923_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9020273","volume":"9","author":"ZH Kwok","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kwok ZH, Wang C, Jin Y (2021) Extracellular vesicle transportation and uptake by recipient cells: a critical process to regulate human diseases. Processes 9(2):273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr9020273","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"4923_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1216895","volume":"14","author":"Y Lai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai Y, Jiang B, Hou F, Huang X, Ling B, Lu H, Zhong T, Huang J (2023) The emerging role of extracellular vesicles in fungi: a double-edged sword. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1216895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1216895","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"4923_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liebana-Jordan M, Brotons B, Falcon-Perez JM, Gonzalez E (2021) Extracellular vesicles in the fungi kingdom. Int J Mol Sci 22(13):7221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22137221","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137221"},{"key":"4923_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1205477","volume":"14","author":"J Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu J, Hu X (2023) Fungal extracellular vesicle-mediated regulation: from virulence factor to clinical application. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1205477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1205477","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"4923_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9899","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s529128","volume":"20","author":"S Maitra","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maitra S, Sarkar S, Chandra M, Ballal S, Kalia R, Arya R, Zaki MEA, Uti DE (2025) Nanotechnology-Enhanced extracellular vesicles -Based chipsets in early cancer detection and theranostics. International Journal of Nanomedicine 20:9899\u20139929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ijn.s529128","journal-title":"International Journal of Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"33","key":"4923_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11855","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9033473","volume":"131","author":"N Matsumori","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matsumori N, Tahara K, Yamamoto H, Morooka A, Doi M, Oishi T, Murata M (2009) Direct interaction between amphotericin B and ergosterol in lipid bilayers as revealed by 2H NMR spectroscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society 131(33):11855\u201311860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ja9033473","journal-title":"Journal of the American Chemical Society"},{"key":"4923_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2023.103778","volume":"165","author":"E Medina-Castellanos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Medina-Castellanos E, Salgado-Bautista DA, Mart\u00ednez-Andrade JM, Cadena-Nava RD, Riquelme M (2023) Nanosized extracellular vesicles released by Neurospora crassa hyphae. Fungal Genetics and Biology 165:103778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fgb.2023.103778","journal-title":"Fungal Genetics and Biology"},{"issue":"10","key":"4923_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13101487","volume":"13","author":"S Nenciarini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nenciarini S, Cavalieri D (2023) Immunomodulatory potential of fungal extracellular vesicles: Insights for therapeutic applications. Biomolecules 13(10):1487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13101487","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"4923_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011113","volume":"5","author":"DL Oliveira","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oliveira DL, Nakayasu ES, Joffe LS, Guimar\u00e3es AJ, Sobreira TJP, Nosanchuk JD, Cordero RJB, Frases S, Casadevall A, Almeida IC, Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML (2010) Characterization of yeast extracellular vesicles: Evidence for the participation of different pathways of cellular traffic in vesicle biogenesis. PLOS One 5(6):e11113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0011113","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"4923_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2023.02.028","volume":"128","author":"PM Pordanjani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pordanjani PM, Bolhassani A, Milani A, Pouriayevali MH (2023) Extracellular vesicles in vaccine development and therapeutic approaches for viral diseases. Process Biochemistry 128:167\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procbio.2023.02.028","journal-title":"Process Biochemistry"},{"issue":"8","key":"4923_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(17)30243-8","volume":"17","author":"R Rajasingham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rajasingham R, Smith RM, Park BJ, Jarvis JN, Govender NP, Chiller TM, Denning DW, Loyse A, Boulware DR (2017) Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 17(8):873\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(17)30243-8","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"4923_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00346","volume":"10","author":"J Rizzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rizzo J, Rodrigues ML, Janbon G (2020) Extracellular vesicles in Fungi: past, present, and future Perspectives. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 10:346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00346","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"4923_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rizzo, J., Taheraly, A., & Janbon, G. (2021). Structure, composition and biological properties of fungal extracellular vesicles. microLife, 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsml\/uqab009","DOI":"10.1093\/femsml\/uqab009"},{"key":"4923_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rizzo, J., Trottier, A., Moyrand, F., Copp\u00e9e, J. Y., Maufrais, C., Zimbres, A. C. G., Dang, T. T. V., Alanio, A., Desnos-Ollivier, M., Mouyna, I., P\u00e9hau-Arnaude, G., Commere, P. H., Novault, S., Ene, I. V., Nimrichter, L., Rodrigues, M. L., & Janbon, G. (2023). Coregulation of extracellular vesicle production and fluconazole susceptibility in Cryptococcus neoformans. mBio, 14(4), e0087023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00870-23","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00870-23"},{"key":"4923_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rizzo, J., Wong, S. S. W., Gazi, A. D., Moyrand, F., Chaze, T., Commere, P., Novault, S., Matondo, M., P\u00e9hau-Arnaudet, G., Reis, F. C. G., Vos, M., Alves, L. R., May, R. C., Nimrichter, L., Rodrigues, M. L., Aimanianda, V., & Janbon, G. (2021). Cryptococcus extracellular vesicles properties and their use as vaccine platforms. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 10(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jev2.12129","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12129"},{"key":"4923_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M. L., Nakayasu, E. S., Almeida, I. C., & Nimrichter, L. (2013). The impact of proteomics on the understanding of functions and biogenesis of fungal extracellular vesicles. Journal of Proteomics, 97, 177\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jprot.2013.04.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2013.04.001"},{"key":"4923_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M. L., Janbon, G., O\u2019Connell, R. J., Chu, T., May, R. C., Jin, H., Reis, F. C. G., Alves, L. R., Puccia, R., Fill, T. P., Rizzo, J., Zamith-Miranda, D., Miranda, K., Gon\u00e7alves, T., Ene, I. V., Kabani, M., Anderson, M., Gow, N. a. R., Andes, D. R.,. . Nimrichter, L. (2025). Characterizing extracellular vesicles of human fungal pathogens. Nature Microbiology, 10(4), 825\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-025-01962-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-01962-4"},{"key":"4923_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodrigues M. L. (2018). The Multifunctional Fungal Ergosterol. mBio, 9(5), e01755-18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.01755-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01755-18"},{"key":"4923_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salgado-Bautista, D. A., & Riquelme, M. (2025). Growth conditions shape the proteome and diversity of Neurospora crassa extracellular vesicles. The Cell Surface, 14, 100152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcsw.2025.100152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2025.100152"},{"key":"4923_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarkar, S., Roy, S., & Choudhury, L. (2025). Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis - from molecular dialogues to biotechnological applications. Mycological Progress, 24(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11557-025-02084-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11557-025-02084-1"},{"key":"4923_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Silva, B. M. A., Prados-Rosales, R., Espadas-Moreno, J., Wolf, J. M., Luque-Garcia, J. L., Goncalves, T., & Casadevall, A. (2013). Characterization of Alternaria infectoria extracellular vesicles. Medical Mycology, 52(2), 202\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myt003","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myt003"},{"key":"4923_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Souza, J. A. M., Gurgel, I. L. D. S., Malacco, N. L. S. O., Martins, F. R. B., Queiroz-Junior, C. M., Teixeira, M. M., & Soriani, F. M. (2022). Pre-Exposure with Extracellular Vesicles from Aspergillus fumigatus Attenuates Inflammatory Response and Enhances Fungal Clearance in a Murine Model Pulmonary Aspergillosis. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12, 898619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.898619","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.898619"},{"issue":"8","key":"4923_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5c00378","volume":"11","author":"TN Souza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Souza TN, Valdez AF, Zimbres ACG, Sena B, Reis FCG, Rodrigues ML, Zamith-Miranda D, Guimar\u00e3es AJ, Filardy AA, Nosanchuk JD, Nimrichter L (2025) Extracellular vesicles from Distinct Histoplasma capsulatum Strains Modulate Phagocyte Function and Promote Fungal Persistence. ACS Infectious Diseases 11(8):2342\u20132356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5c00378","journal-title":"ACS Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"4923_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13050426","volume":"13","author":"KM Thambugala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thambugala KM, Daranagama DA, Tennakoon DS, Jayatunga DPW, Hongsanan S, Xie N (2024) Humans vs. Fungi: An Overview of Fungal Pathogens against Humans. Pathogens 13(5):426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13050426","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"4923_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02945-3","volume":"23","author":"A Ullah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ullah A, Huang Y, Zhao K, Hua Y, Ullah S, Rahman MU, Wang J, Wang Q, Hu X, Zheng L (2023) Characteristics and potential clinical applications of the extracellular vesicles of human pathogenic Fungi. BMC Microbiology 23(1):227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-023-02945-3","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"4923_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9111052","volume":"9","author":"AF Valdez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valdez AF, de Souza TN, Bonilla JJA, Zamith-Miranda D, Piffer AC, Araujo GRS, Guimar\u00e3es AJ, Frases S, Pereira AK, Fill TP, Estevao IL, Torres A, Almeida IC, Nosanchuk JD, Nimrichter L (2023) Traversing the Cell Wall: The Chitinolytic Activity of Histoplasma capsulatum Extracellular Vesicles Facilitates Their Release. Journal of Fungi 9(11):1052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof9111052","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi"},{"issue":"10","key":"4923_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13238","volume":"22","author":"G Vargas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vargas G, Honorato L, Guimar\u00e3es AJ, Rodrigues ML, Reis FCG, Vale AM, Ray A, Nosanchuk JD, Nimrichter L (2020) Protective effect of fungal extracellular vesicles against murine candidiasis. Cellular Microbiology 22(10):e13238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cmi.13238","journal-title":"Cellular Microbiology"},{"key":"4923_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1572520","volume":"15","author":"W Xiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiao W, Lu H, Jiang B, Zheng Y, Chen P, Liu X, Huang J (2025) Virulence factors released by extracellular vesicles from Cryptococcus neoformans. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 15:1572520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1572520","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"issue":"17","key":"4923_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29174012","volume":"29","author":"J Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu J, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Dai S, Zhu N, Meng Q, Fan S, Zhao W, Yuan X (2024) Fungal Extracellular Vesicle Proteins with Potential in Biological Interaction. Molecules 29(17):4012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29174012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"4923_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1330400","volume":"10","author":"J Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu J, Sane S, Kim J, Yun S, Kim H, Jo KB, Wright JP, Khoshdoozmasouleh N, Lee K, Oh HT, Thiel K, Parvin A, Williams X, Hannon C, Lee H, Kim D (2024) Biogenesis and delivery of extracellular vesicles: harnessing the power of EVs for diagnostics and therapeutics. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 10:1330400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1330400","journal-title":"Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences"},{"key":"4923_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.648524","volume":"12","author":"D Zamith-Miranda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zamith-Miranda D, Da Silva RP, Couvillion SP, Bredeweg EL, Burnet MC, Coelho C, Camacho E, Nimrichter L, Puccia R, Almeida IC, Casadevall A, Rodrigues ML, Alves LR, Nosanchuk JD, Nakayasu ES (2021) Omics approaches for understanding biogenesis, composition and functions of fungal extracellular vesicles. Frontiers in Genetics 12:648524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2021.648524","journal-title":"Frontiers in Genetics"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11274-026-04923-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11274-026-04923-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11274-026-04923-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T09:03:04Z","timestamp":1778576584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11274-026-04923-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11274-026-04923-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-0972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-0972","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"174"}}