{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:26:25Z","timestamp":1787739985626,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016028","name":"Agencia Valenciana de la Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["INNCAD\/2020\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INNCAD\/2020\/44"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Microbiol Biotechnol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Biofilms inhabiting drinking water networks can degrade water quality, leading to disinfectant depletion, pipe corrosion and organoleptic issues. In this study, the use of\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm sampling devices, which enabled sample collection without interrupting the supply, provided insights into physicochemical and biological interactions within a network in Valencia (Spain). The devices were installed in an operational chlorinated network and monitored over a year to assess biofilm dynamics. Water quality was evaluated using standard methods for faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and pathogens, alongside physicochemical parameters including disinfection by-products (DBPs), geosmin, and metals. Biofilms devices were sampled every 3 months to examine development and biofilm regrowth under seasonal conditions. Bacterial communities were characterised using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analysed in relation to environmental factors. No FIB or pathogens were detected in any water sample, yet DNA analysis in biofilms (particularly in 6- and 9-month-old biofilms) showed the presence of sequences related with potential opportunistic pathogens including\n                    <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. DBPs, increased during warmer months coinciding with higher chlorine dosages and iron and manganese concentrations. A core microbiome formed mainly by species of\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>Acidovorax<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. was found in water and biofilm samples. A clear temporal succession in biofilm composition was observed, with diversity peaking at mid-developmental stages, yet regrowth was seasonally independent. The installation of biofilm sampling devices in real networks was effective at monitoring microbial dynamics, providing key information for distribution infrastructure management including optimisation of cleaning and disinfection strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-026-05101-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:46:11Z","timestamp":1785753971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biofilms and disinfection by-products in Mediterranean drinking water networks: effect of temperature on disinfection strategies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Volz Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andross","family":"P\u00e9rez Lle\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pura","family":"Almenar Llorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Pedro Monzon\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3410-8576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Douterelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5101_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11512","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801925105","volume":"105","author":"SD Allison","year":"2008","unstructured":"Allison SD, Martiny JBH (2008) Resistance, resilience, and redundancy in microbial communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(Suppl 1):11512\u201311519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0801925105","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"5101_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x","volume":"26","author":"MJ Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson MJ (2001) A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecol 26:32\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x","journal-title":"Austral Ecol"},{"key":"5101_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battin TJ, Besemer K, Bengtsson MM, Roman\u00ed AM, Packmann AI (2016) The ecology and biogeochemistry of stream biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol 14(4):251\u2013263","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.15"},{"key":"5101_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1126\/science.168.3937.1345","volume":"168","author":"WH Berger","year":"1970","unstructured":"Berger WH, Parker FL (1970) Diversity of planktonic foraminifera in deep-sea sediments. Science 168:1345\u20131347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.168.3937.1345","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5101_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2006.05.007","volume":"17","author":"D Berry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Berry D, Xi C, Raskin L (2006) Microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems. Curr Opin Biotechnol 17:297\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2006.05.007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"5101_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02520","volume":"9","author":"C Bertelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bertelli C, Courtois S, Rosikiewicz M, Piriou P, Aeby S, Robert S, Loret JF, Greub G (2018) Reduced chlorine in drinking water distribution systems impacts bacterial biodiversity in biofilms. Front Microbiol 9:2520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02520","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5101_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","volume":"37","author":"E Bolyen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bolyen E, Rideout JR, Dillon MR et al (2019) Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat Biotechnol 37:852\u2013857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"5101_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2307\/1942268","volume":"27","author":"JR Bray","year":"1957","unstructured":"Bray JR, Curtis JT (1957) An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecol Monogr 27:325\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1942268","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"key":"5101_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658927","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.658927","volume":"12","author":"C Calero Preciado","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calero Preciado C, Boxall J, Soria-Carrasco V, Mart\u00ednez S, Douterelo I (2021) Implications of climate change: How does increased water temperature influence biofilm and water quality of chlorinated drinking water distribution systems? Front Microbiol 12:658927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.658927","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5101_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962514","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.962514","volume":"10","author":"C Calero Preciado","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calero Preciado C, Soria-Carrasco V, Boxall J, Douterelo I (2022) Climate change and management of biofilms within drinking water distribution systems. Front Environ Sci 10:962514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2022.962514","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci"},{"key":"5101_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123566","volume":"281","author":"L Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen L, Shi H, Medema G, van der Meer W, Liu G (2025) Long-term impacts of free chlorine and monochloramine on the development of drinking water biofilm. Water Res 281:123566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123566","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"5101_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00813-0","volume":"8","author":"Z Dai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dai Z, Sevillano-Rivera MC, Calus ST et al (2020) Disinfection exhibits systematic impacts on the drinking water microbiome. Microbiome 8:42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-020-00813-0","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"5101_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134421","volume":"21","author":"S Davis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davis S, Salowitz N, Beversdorf L, Silva MR (2021) The effect of various parameters on a portable sensor for the detection of thin biofilms in water pipes. Sensors 21:4421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21134421","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"5101_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2510-x","volume":"87","author":"P Deines","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deines P, Sekar R, Husband PS, Boxall JB, Osborn AM, Biggs CA (2010) A new coupon design for simultaneous analysis of in situ microbial biofilm formation and community structure in drinking water distribution systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87:749\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-010-2510-x","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"5101_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142016","volume":"754","author":"G Del Olmo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Del Olmo G, Husband S, Briones CS, Soriano A, Calero Preciado C, Macian J, Douterelo I (2021) The microbial ecology of a Mediterranean chlorinated drinking water distribution system in the city of Valencia (Spain). Sci Total Environ 754:142016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142016","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"5101_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.09.053","volume":"47","author":"I Douterelo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Douterelo I, Sharpe RL, Boxall JB (2013) Influence of hydraulic regimes on bacterial community structure and composition in an experimental drinking water distribution system. Water Res 47:503\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2012.09.053","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"5101_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12516","volume":"117","author":"I Douterelo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Douterelo I, Sharpe RL, Boxall JB (2014) Bacterial community dynamics during the early stages of biofilm formation in a chlorinated experimental drinking water distribution system: implications for drinking water discolouration. J Appl Microbiol 117:286\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jam.12516","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"5101_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-7155-3","volume":"100","author":"I Douterelo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Douterelo I, Jackson M, Solomon C, Boxall JB (2016) Microbial analysis of in situ biofilm formation in drinking water distribution systems: implications for monitoring and control of drinking water quality. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100:3301\u20133311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-015-7155-3","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"5101_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.04.058","volume":"141","author":"I Douterelo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Douterelo I, Fish KE, Boxall JB (2018) Succession of bacterial and fungal communities within biofilms of a chlorinated drinking water distribution system. Water Res 141:74\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2018.04.058","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"5101_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douterelo I, Perona E, Mateo P (2004) Use of cyanobacteria to assess water quality in running waters. Environ Pollut 127(3):377\u2013384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2003.08.016"},{"issue":"1","key":"5101_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1325","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1325","volume":"6","author":"I Douterelo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Douterelo I, Sharpe RL, Husband S, Fish KE, Boxall JB (2019) Understanding microbial ecology to improve management of drinking water distribution systems. WIREs Water 6(1):e1325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wat2.1325","journal-title":"WIREs Water"},{"key":"5101_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115586","volume":"173","author":"I Douterelo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Douterelo I, Dutilh BE, Arkhipova K, Calero C, Husband S (2020a) Microbial diversity, ecological networks and functional traits associated with materials used in drinking water distribution systems. Water Res 173:115586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115586","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"5101_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116416","volume":"187","author":"I Douterelo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Douterelo I, Sharpe RL, Boxall JB (2020b) Impact of phosphate dosing on the microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems: fieldwork studies in chlorinated networks. Water Res 187:116416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116416","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5101_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12020280","volume":"12","author":"P Erdei-Tombor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erdei-Tombor P, Kisk\u00f3 G, Taczman-Br\u00fcckner A (2024) Biofilm Formation Water Distribution Syst Processes 12(2):280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr12020280","journal-title":"Biofilm Formation Water Distribution Syst Processes"},{"key":"#cr-split#-5101_CR25.1","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council (2020) Directive"},{"key":"#cr-split#-5101_CR25.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2020\/2184 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on the quality of water intended for human consumption (recast). Official Journal of the European Union. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2020\/2184\/oj"},{"key":"5101_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02519","volume":"9","author":"KE Fish","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fish KE, Boxall JB (2018) Biofilm microbiome (re)growth dynamics in drinking water distribution systems are impacted by chlorine concentration. Front Microbiol 9:2519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02519","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5101_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","volume":"8","author":"HC Flemming","year":"2010","unstructured":"Flemming HC, Wingender J (2010) The biofilm matrix. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:623\u2013633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro2415","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"5101_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","volume":"14","author":"HC Flemming","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flemming HC, Wingender J, Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S (2016) Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:563\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"5101_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2020.101002","volume":"7","author":"F Garc\u00eda-\u00c1vila","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-\u00c1vila F, S\u00e1nchez-Alvarrac\u00edn C, Cadme-Galabay M, Conchado-Mart\u00ednez J, Garc\u00eda-Mera G, Zhind\u00f3n-Ar\u00e9valo C (2020) Relationship between chlorine decay and temperature in drinking water. MethodsX 7:101002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mex.2020.101002","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"5101_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2010.547576","volume":"27","author":"MP Ginige","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ginige MP, Wylie J, Plumb J (2011) Influence of biofilms on iron and manganese deposition in drinking water distribution systems. Biofouling 27:151\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08927014.2010.547576","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"5101_CR32","unstructured":"Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a (2023) Real Decreto 3\/2023, de 10 de enero, por el que se establecen los criterios t\u00e9cnico-sanitarios de la calidad del agua de consumo, su control y suministro. Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado. https:\/\/www.boe.es\/eli\/es\/rd\/2023\/01\/10\/3"},{"key":"5101_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8432","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00555","volume":"49","author":"CK Gomez-Smith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gomez-Smith CK, LaPara TM, Hozalski RM (2015) Sulfate reducing bacteria and Mycobacteria dominate the biofilm communities in a chloraminated drinking water distribution system. Environ Sci Technol 49:8432\u20138440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b00555","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"5101_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.3c00664","volume":"4","author":"I Kalita","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kalita I, Kamilaris A, Havinga P, Reva I (2024) Assessing the health impact of disinfection byproducts in drinking water. ACS ES&T Water 4:1234\u20131245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsestwater.3c00664","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Water"},{"key":"5101_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142314","volume":"766","author":"M Kitajima","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kitajima M, Cruz MC, Williams RB, Wuertz S, Whittle AJ (2021) Microbial abundance and community composition in biofilms on in-pipe sensors in a drinking water distribution system. Sci Total Environ 766:142314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142314","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"5101_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154940","volume":"831","author":"KLG Learbuch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Learbuch KLG, Smidt H, van der Wielen PWJJ (2022) Water and biofilm in drinking water distribution systems in the Netherlands. Sci Total Environ 831:154940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154940","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"5101_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12050916","volume":"12","author":"MW LeChevallier","year":"2024","unstructured":"LeChevallier MW, Prosser T, Stevens M (2024) Opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems\u2014A review. Microorganisms 12:916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12050916","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"5101_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120598","volume":"245","author":"Y Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee Y, Noh JH, Park JW, Yoon SW, Kim SY, Son HJ et al (2023) Integrating biological ion exchange with biological activated carbon treatment for drinking water: a novel approach for NOM removal, trihalomethane formation potential, and biological stability. Water Res 245:120598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120598","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"5101_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03535-1","volume":"15","author":"M Leifels","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leifels M, Cheng D, Cai J, Nadhirah NN, Mohidin AF, Santillan E, Woo Y, Hill E, Wu SW, Boon N, Favere J, Whittle A, Wuertz S (2025) Biofilm detachment significantly affects biological stability of drinking water during intermittent water supply in a pilot scale water distribution system. Sci Rep 15:22408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-03535-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5101_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7171","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00832-10","volume":"76","author":"D Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li D, Li Z, Yu J, Cao N, Liu R, Yang M (2010) Characterization of bacterial community structure in a drinking water distribution system during an occurrence of red water. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:7171\u20137180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.00832-10","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"5101_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7319","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2022.319","volume":"22","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li J, Feng C, Li Y, Yang W, Zhang Z (2022) Formation and influencing factors of disinfection by-products from bacterial materials in drinking water distribution systems. Water Supply 22:7319\u20137336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/ws.2022.319","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"5101_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0519-1","volume":"2","author":"S Louca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Louca S, Polz MF, Mazel F, Albright MBN, Huber JA, O\u2019Connor MI, Ackermann M, Hahn AS, Srivastava DS, Crowe SA, Doebeli M, Parfrey LW (2018) Function and functional redundancy in microbial systems. Nat Ecol Evol 2:936\u2013943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-018-0519-1","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"5101_CR43","first-page":"36","volume":"3","author":"R Margalef","year":"1958","unstructured":"Margalef R (1958) Information theory in ecology. Gen Syst 3:36\u201371","journal-title":"Gen Syst"},{"key":"5101_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00573-x","volume":"10","author":"C Margot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Margot C, Rhoads W, Gabrielli M, Olive M, Hammes F (2024) Dynamics of drinking water biofilm formation associated with Legionella spp. colonization. npj Biofilms Microbiomes 10:101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-024-00573-x","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"5101_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6899","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.11.6899-6907.2003","volume":"69","author":"AC Martiny","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martiny AC, J\u00f8rgensen TM, Albrechtsen HJ, Arvin E, Molin S (2003) Long-term succession of structure and diversity of a biofilm formed in a model drinking water distribution system. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:6899\u20136907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.69.11.6899-6907.2003","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"5101_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2013.0174","volume":"31","author":"ST McCoy","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCoy ST, VanBriesen JM (2014) Comparing spatial and temporal diversity of bacteria in a chlorinated drinking water distribution system. Environ Eng Sci 31:32\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ees.2013.0174","journal-title":"Environ Eng Sci"},{"key":"5101_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119300762.wsts0185","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Water: Science, Technology, and Society","author":"HR Mian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mian HR, Saleem S, Hu G, Sadiq R (2019) Water distribution systems: hydraulics and quality modeling. Encyclopedia of Water: Science, Technology, and Society. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119300762.wsts0185"},{"key":"5101_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145844","volume":"775","author":"HR Mian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mian HR, Hu G, Hewage K, Rodriguez MJ, Sadiq R (2021) Drinking water quality assessment in distribution networks: a water footprint approach. Sci Total Environ 775:145844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145844","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"5101_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.254","volume":"616\u2013617","author":"C Montoya-Pachongo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Montoya-Pachongo C, Douterelo I, Noakes C, Camargo-Valero MA, Sleigh A, Escobar-Rivera JC, Torres-Lozada P (2018) Field assessment of bacterial communities and total trihalomethanes: implications for drinking water networks. Sci Total Environ 616\u2013617:345\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.254","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"5101_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171086","volume":"921","author":"Y Moreno","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moreno Y, Moreno-Mesonero L, Soler P, Zornoza A, Soriano A (2024) Influence of drinking water biofilm microbiome on water quality: insights from a real-scale distribution system. Sci Total Environ 921:171086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171086","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"5101_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.109","volume":"2","author":"JD Neufeld","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neufeld JD, Vohra J, Dumont MG, Lueders T, Manefield M, Friedrich MW, Murrell JC (2007) DNA stable-isotope probing. Nat Protoc 2:860\u2013866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2007.109","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"5101_CR52","unstructured":"Oksanen J, Simpson GL, Blanchet FG et al (2022) vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.6-2. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=vegan"},{"key":"5101_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121273","volume":"253","author":"IM Oliveira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliveira IM, Gomes IB, Sim\u00f5es LC, Sim\u00f5es M (2024) A review of research advances on disinfection strategies for biofilm control in drinking water distribution systems. Water Res 253:121273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121273","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"5101_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EW00553D","volume":"10","author":"FC Pick","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pick FC, Fish KE (2024) Emerging investigator series: optimisation of drinking water biofilm cell detachment and sample homogenisation methods for rapid quantification via flow cytometry. Environ Sci Water Res Technol 10:797\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D3EW00553D","journal-title":"Environ Sci Water Res Technol"},{"key":"5101_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116178","volume":"184","author":"K Pullerits","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pullerits K, Hong PY, Bandhakavi S, Leong KW, Chong TM, Leroux O, Kang H (2020) Influence of temperature and hydraulic retention time on biofilm communities in drinking water. Water Res 184:116178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116178","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"5101_CR56","unstructured":"QIIME2 Development Team (2019) QIIME2 version 2019.7. https:\/\/qiime2.org"},{"key":"5101_CR57","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"5101_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27:379\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"key":"5101_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/163688a0","volume":"163","author":"EH Simpson","year":"1949","unstructured":"Simpson EH (1949) Measurement of diversity. Nature 163:688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/163688a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5101_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2024.2343839","volume":"40","author":"DA S\u00f8borg","year":"2024","unstructured":"S\u00f8borg DA, H\u00f8jris B, Brinkmann K, Pedersen MR, Skovhus TL (2024) Characterizing the development of biofilm in polyethylene pipes in the non-chlorinated Danish drinking-water distribution system. Biofouling 40(3\u20134):262\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08927014.2024.2343839","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"5101_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.10.107","volume":"281","author":"A Turolla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turolla A, Di Mauro M, Mezzera L, Antonelli M, Carminati M (2019) Development of a miniaturized and selective impedance sensor for real-time slime monitoring in pipes and tanks. Sens Actuators B Chem 281:288\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2018.10.107","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"key":"5101_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9967","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46238-0","volume":"9","author":"M Valdivia-Garcia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valdivia-Garcia M, Weir P, Graham DW, Werner D (2019) Predicted impact of climate change on trihalomethanes formation in drinking water treatment. Sci Rep 9:9967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-46238-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5101_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061574","volume":"11","author":"PW van der Wielen","year":"2023","unstructured":"van der Wielen PW, Dignum M, Donocik A, Prest EI (2023) Influence of temperature on growth of four different opportunistic pathogens in drinking water biofilms. Microorganisms 11:1574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11061574","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"5101_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.03.008","volume":"168","author":"J Vandermaesen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vandermaesen J, Lievens B, Springael D (2017) Isolation and identification of culturable bacteria, capable of heterotrophic growth, from rapid sand filters of drinking water treatment plants. Res Microbiol 168:594\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.03.008","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"5101_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84094-9","volume":"15","author":"L Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang L, Fang Z, Zhou X, Cheng K, Ren Y, Li C et al (2025) Health risk assessment via ingestion of disinfection by-products in drinking water. Sci Rep 15:1793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-84094-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5101_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02407","volume":"10","author":"AD Willis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willis AD (2019) Rarefaction, alpha diversity, and statistics. Front Microbiol 10:2407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02407","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5101_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.05.009","volume":"214","author":"J Wingender","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wingender J, Flemming HC (2011) Biofilms in drinking water and their role as reservoir for pathogens. Int J Hyg Environ Health 214:417\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.05.009","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"5101_CR69","volume-title":"Guidelines for drinking-water quality","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edn. World Health Organization, Geneva. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/254637","edition":"4"},{"key":"5101_CR71","unstructured":"Zhang XL, Yang HW, Wang XM, Fu J, Xie YF (2012) Formation of disinfection by-products: temperature effect and kinetic modeling. Huanjing Kexue 33(11):4046\u20134051"},{"key":"5101_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128410","volume":"264","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Shan L, Zhang X, Hu F, Zhong D, Yuan Y, Zhang J (2021) Effects of bacterial community composition and structure in drinking water distribution systems on biofilm formation and chlorine resistance. Chemosphere 264:128410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128410","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11274-026-05101-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11274-026-05101-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11274-026-05101-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:10:04Z","timestamp":1787739004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11274-026-05101-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["5101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11274-026-05101-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-0972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-0972","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"443"}}