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The research presents pulcherriminic acid (PA) producing isolates obtained from organic fruit surfaces that are antagonistic towards\n                    <jats:italic>Leptosphaeria maculans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causal agent of phoma stem canker. A highly antagonistic strain identified as\n                    <jats:italic>M. pulcherrima<\/jats:italic>\n                    was selected for studying the interactions with\n                    <jats:italic>L. maculans<\/jats:italic>\n                    in various in vitro culture techniques. In solid co-cultures, increased iron bioavailability restricted PA diffusion in the yeast colony microenvironment, significantly reducing antagonism. Double-plate assays indicated that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contribute to the total inhibitory effect. When evaluating liquid co-cultures, complete pathogen inhibition was achieved within the tested yeast concentrations. The employed culture system simultaneously promoted yeast competitive advantage and allowed for the monitoring of expression changes within the\n                    <jats:italic>PUL<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene cluster. Pathogen presence induced a significant sequential expression pattern within the\n                    <jats:italic>PUL<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene cluster: an early strong upregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>PUL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    encoding PA biosynthesis enzyme and\n                    <jats:italic>PUL3<\/jats:italic>\n                    encoding the PA and pulcherrimin transporter, followed by sustained increased expression of\n                    <jats:italic>PUL3<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and finally very strong induction of\n                    <jats:italic>PUL4<\/jats:italic>\n                    . No changes were observed in\n                    <jats:italic>SNF2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in co-culture. This model elucidates the molecular mechanisms of yeast antagonism induction, which is essential for developing effective, sustainable plant formulations for preharvest and postharvest protection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-026-05168-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:36:14Z","timestamp":1785839774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antagonism-driven upregulation of the pulcherriminic acid biosynthetic pathway in Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Leptosphaeria maculans interaction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8601-3536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Borkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3574-3117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Myszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"5168_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12942-1","volume":"108","author":"A Agarbati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agarbati A, Gattucci S, Canonico L, Ciani M, Comitini F (2024) Yeast communities related to honeybees: occurrence and distribution in flowers, gut mycobiota, and bee products. 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