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This study compared antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of\n                    <jats:italic>exoU<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>exoS P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from Bangladeshi and Indian UTIs, and from Indian UTIs and MK collections. A total of 23 Bangladeshi UTI isolates were analyzed by broth microdilution for susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin, and by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to identify resistance-associated mutations, acquired resistance genes, and virulence factors. These WGS data were compared with 15 publicly available Indian UTI genomes, while the Indian UTI genomes were compared with 19 publicly available Indian MK genomes. In the Bangladeshi UTI cohort,\n                    <jats:italic>exoU<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates showed greater resistance to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides than\n                    <jats:italic>exoS<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Comparative analysis of Bangladeshi versus Indian UTI isolates and Indian UTI versus MK isolates showed that\n                    <jats:italic>exoU<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates carried a burden of resistance mutations, including enrichment of GyrA Thr83Ile, ParE Asp533Glu, MexR Val126Glu, MexB Ser1041Glu, and MexC Ala262Glu. Aminoglycoside-associated substitutions FusA2 Gln161Leu and ParR Leu153Arg and Ser170Asn were more common in\n                    <jats:italic>exoU<\/jats:italic>\n                    UTI isolates. Acquired resistance genes showed\n                    <jats:italic>aac(6\u2032)-II<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>aac(3)-Id<\/jats:italic>\n                    were linked to Bangladeshi UTI,\n                    <jats:italic>rmtF<\/jats:italic>\n                    associated with Indian UTI, and\n                    <jats:italic>crpP<\/jats:italic>\n                    confined to MK\n                    <jats:italic>exoU<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Virulence profiling showed\n                    <jats:italic>exoU<\/jats:italic>\n                    enrichment in\n                    <jats:italic>pldA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>pvdY<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>csrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas\n                    <jats:italic>exoS<\/jats:italic>\n                    was associated with\n                    <jats:italic>pilC<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>pilV<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>pilW<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>pilY2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>pilA<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Collectively, these results indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>exoU<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>exoS<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates differ in both their resistance and virulence profiles, while also showing evidence of geographic and infection-site-specific adaptation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-026-05320-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:26:19Z","timestamp":1791825979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative study of antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of exoU and exoS Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from urinary tract infections and microbial keratitis in Bangladesh and India"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2971-9364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanzina","family":"Akter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7858-6044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8067-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abrar Maswood","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8424-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rifaquat","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaniz","family":"Fatema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. 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