{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T15:32:24Z","timestamp":1793287944354,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007229","name":"Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Microbiol Biotechnol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-026-05323-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:45:12Z","timestamp":1791531912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indole decreases the virulence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Razzaq Meo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Noppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"De Clercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Van de Wiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7446-2246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Defoirdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"5323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12109","volume":"114","author":"D Ahmed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahmed D, Islam MS, Begum YA et al (2013) Presence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in biofilms formed in water containers in poor households coincides with epidemic seasons in Dhaka. J Appl Microbiol 114:1223\u20131229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jam.12109","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e321","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30483-2","volume":"7","author":"JD Anderson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anderson JD, Bagamian KH, Muhib F et al (2019) Burden of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and shigella non-fatal diarrhoeal infections in 79 low-income and lower middle-income countries: a modelling analysis. Lancet Glob Health 7:e321\u2013e330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30483-2","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"5323_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4597","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00630-07","volume":"75","author":"T Bansal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bansal T, Englert D, Lee J et al (2007) Differential effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and indole on Escherichia coli O157:H7 chemotaxis, colonization, and gene expression. Infect Immun 75:4597\u20134607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.00630-07","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"5323_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906112107","volume":"107","author":"T Bansal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bansal T, Alaniz RC, Wood TK, Jayaraman A (2010) The bacterial signal indole increases epithelial-cell tight-junction resistance and attenuates indicators of inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:228\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0906112107","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"5323_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0068223","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00682-23","volume":"67","author":"X Bao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bao X, Goeteyn E, Crabbe A, Coenye T (2023) Effect of malate on the activity of ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in different in vivo and in vivo-like infection models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 67:e0068223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00682-23","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5323_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1293225","volume":"8","author":"S Barnoy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barnoy S, Gancz H, Zhu Y et al (2017) The Galleria mellonella larvae as an in vivo model for evaluation of Shigella virulence. Gut Microbes 8:335\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2017.1293225","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"5323_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425903","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1425903","volume":"12","author":"MM Barros","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barros MM, Castro J, Ara\u00fajo D et al (2024) Application of DNA aptamers to block enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli toxicity in a Galleria mellonella larval model. Front Chem 12:1425903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2024.1425903","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"5323_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00045-11","volume":"55","author":"G Brackman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brackman G, Cos P, Maes L et al (2011) Quorum sensing inhibitors increase the susceptibility of bacterial biofilms to antibiotics in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:2655\u20132661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00045-11","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5323_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05481.x","volume":"63","author":"EL Chant","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chant EL, Summers DK (2007) Indole signalling contributes to the stable maintenance of Escherichia coli multicopy plasmids. Mol Microbiol 63:35\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05481.x","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1887","volume":"6","author":"FF Chevance","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chevance FF, Hughes KT (2008) Coordinating assembly of a bacterial macromolecular machine. Nat Rev Microbiol 6:455\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro1887","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2012.02.022","volume":"1818","author":"C Chimerel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chimerel C, Field CM, Pinero-Fernandez S et al (2012) Indole prevents Escherichia coli cell division by modulating membrane potential. Biochim Biophys Acta 1818:1590\u20131594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamem.2012.02.022","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"5323_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2766","volume":"17","author":"J Davila-Avina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davila-Avina J, Gil-Solis C, Merino-Mascorro J et al (2020) Phenolics with bactericidal activity alter motility and biofilm formation in enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Foodborne Pathog Dis 17:568\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/fpd.2019.2766","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"5323_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.10.005","volume":"26","author":"T Defoirdt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Defoirdt T (2018) Quorum-Sensing Systems as Targets for Antivirulence Therapy. Trends Microbiol 26:313\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2017.10.005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1139\/w03-056","volume":"49","author":"P Di Martino","year":"2003","unstructured":"Di Martino P, Fursy R, Bret L et al (2003) Indole can act as an extracellular signal to regulate biofilm formation of Escherichia coli and other indole-producing bacteria. Can J Microbiol 49:443\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/w03-056","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.23","volume":"16","author":"SW Dickey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dickey SW, Cheung GYC, Otto M (2017) Different drugs for bad bugs: antivirulence strategies in the age of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Drug Discov 16:457\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd.2017.23","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"5323_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.4.2449-2459.2006","volume":"72","author":"J Domka","year":"2006","unstructured":"Domka J, Lee J, Wood TK (2006) YliH (BssR) and YceP (BssS) regulate Escherichia coli K-12 biofilm formation by influencing cell signaling. Appl Env Microbiol 72:2449\u20132459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.72.4.2449-2459.2006","journal-title":"Appl Env Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07449.x","volume":"79","author":"T Dong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dong T, Yu R, Schellhorn H (2011) Antagonistic regulation of motility and transcriptome expression by RpoN and RpoS in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 79:375\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07449.x","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00938-13","volume":"196","author":"O Dudin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dudin O, Geiselmann J, Ogasawara H et al (2014) Repression of flagellar genes in exponential phase by CsgD and CpxR, two crucial modulators of Escherichia coli biofilm formation. J Bacteriol 196:707\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.00938-13","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"5323_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2138677","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2138677","volume":"14","author":"O Gorelik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gorelik O, Rogad A, Holoidovsky L et al (2022) Indole intercepts the communication between enteropathogenic E. coli and Vibrio cholerae. Gut Microbes 14:2138677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2022.2138677","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"5323_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01791","volume":"10","author":"CG Guerrieri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guerrieri CG, Pereira MF, Galdino ACM et al (2019) Typical and atypical enteroaggregative Escherichia coli are both virulent in the model. Front Microbiol 10:1791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01791","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04449.x","volume":"55","author":"H Hirakawa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hirakawa H, Inazumi Y, Masaki T et al (2005) Indole induces the expression of multidrug exporter genes in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 55:1113\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04449.x","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.020420-0","volume":"155","author":"H Hirakawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hirakawa H, Kodama T, Takumi-Kobayashi A et al (2009) Secreted indole serves as a signal for expression of type III secretion system translocators in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7. Microbiol 155:541\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.020420-0","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00776","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00776-18","volume":"87","author":"MF Howard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard MF, Bina XR, Bina JE (2019) Indole inhibits ToxR regulon expression in Vibrio cholerae. Infect Immun 87:e00776\u2013e00718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.00776-18","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"5323_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ME19164","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME19164","volume":"35","author":"T Inaba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Inaba T, Obana N, Habe H, Nomura N (2020) Biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans is enhanced by indole via the quorum sensing pathway. Microbe Env 35:ME19164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1264\/jsme2.ME19164","journal-title":"Microbe Env"},{"key":"5323_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00309-15","volume":"197","author":"EA Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim EA, Blair DF (2015) function of the histone-like protein h-ns in motility of Escherichia coli: multiple regulatory roles rather than direct action at the flagellar motor. J Bacteriol 197:3110\u20133120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.00309-15","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"5323_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-119","volume":"11","author":"YG Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim YG, Lee JH, Cho MH, Lee J (2011) Indole and 3-indolylacetonitrile inhibit spore maturation in Paenibacillus alvei. BMC Microbiol 11:119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2180-11-119","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00217-06","volume":"188","author":"A Kobayashi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kobayashi A, Hirakawa H, Hirata T et al (2006) Growth phase-dependent expression of drug exporters in Escherichia coli and its contribution to drug tolerance. J Bacteriol 188:5693\u20135703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.00217-06","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"5323_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01031","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01031-19","volume":"10","author":"A Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar A, Sperandio V (2019) Indole signaling at the host-microbiota-pathogen interface. Mbio 10:e01031\u2013e01019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.01031-19","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"5323_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00204.x","volume":"34","author":"JH Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee JH, Lee J (2010) Indole as an intercellular signal in microbial communities. Fems Microbiol Rev 34:426\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00204.x","journal-title":"Fems Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"5323_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00360-07","volume":"73","author":"J Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee J, Bansal T, Jayaraman A et al (2007a) Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli biofilms are inhibited by 7-hydroxyindole and stimulated by isatin. Appl Env Microbiol 73:4100\u20134109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.00360-07","journal-title":"Appl Env Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-42","volume":"7","author":"JT Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee JT, Jayaraman A, Wood TK (2007b) Indole is an inter-species biofilm signal mediated by SdiA. BMC Microbiol 7:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2180-7-42","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1128\/Iai.00081-12","volume":"80","author":"S Leuko","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leuko S, Raivio TL (2012) Mutations that impact the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Cpx envelope stress response attenuate virulence in Galleria mellonella. Infect Immun 80:3077\u20133085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/Iai.00081-12","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"5323_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111801","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111801","volume":"9","author":"X Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li X, Yang Q, Dierckens K et al (2014) RpoS and indole signaling control the virulence of Vibrio anguillarum towards gnotobiotic sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. PLoS ONE 9:e111801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0111801","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5323_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-\u2206\u2206CT method. Methods 25:402\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"5323_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2014.05.089","volume":"70","author":"RJ Melander","year":"2014","unstructured":"Melander RJ, Minvielle MJ, Melander C (2014) Controlling bacterial behavior with indole-containing natural products and derivatives. Tetrahedron 70:6363\u20136372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tet.2014.05.089","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"5323_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17595","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201303510","volume":"19","author":"MJ Minvielle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Minvielle MJ, Eguren K, Melander C (2013) Highly active modulators of indole signaling alter pathogenic behaviors in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Chem Eur J 19:17595\u201317602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/chem.201303510","journal-title":"Chem Eur J"},{"key":"5323_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2014.10.010","volume":"77","author":"JK Morgan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morgan JK, Ortiz JA, Riordan JT (2014) The role for TolA in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli pathogenesis and virulence gene transcription. Microb Pathog 77:42\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2014.10.010","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"5323_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9070279","volume":"9","author":"S Nakamura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nakamura S, Minamino T (2019) Flagella-driven motility of bacteria. Biomol 9:279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom9070279","journal-title":"Biomol"},{"key":"5323_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-4-5","volume":"4","author":"E Nikaido","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nikaido E, Giraud E, Baucheron S et al (2012) Effects of indole on drug resistance and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium revealed by genome-wide analyses. Gut Pathog 4:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1757-4749-4-5","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"5323_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/61364","author":"JD Partridge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Partridge JD, Harshey RM (2020) Investigating flagella-driven motility in Escherichia coli by applying three established techniques in a series. J Vis Exp e61364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/61364","journal-title":"J Vis Exp e61364"},{"key":"5323_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Partridge JD, Harshey RM (2023) Swarming motility assays in Salmonella. Bacterial and Archaeal Motility. Springer, pp 147\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-3060-0_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3060-0_13"},{"key":"5323_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftaa056","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa056","volume":"78","author":"MF Pereira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pereira MF, Rossi CC, da Silva GC et al (2020) Galleria mellonella as an infection model: an in-depth look at why it works and practical considerations for successful application. Pathog Dis 78:ftaa056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa056","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"5323_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3013","volume":"9","author":"DA Rasko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rasko DA, Sperandio V (2010) Anti-virulence strategies to combat bacteria-mediated disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9:117\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd3013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"5323_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499573","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2499573","volume":"17","author":"S Razzaq Meo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Razzaq Meo S, Van de Wiele T, Defoirdt T (2025) Indole signaling in Escherichia coli: a target for antivirulence therapy? Gut Microbes 17:2499573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2025.2499573","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"5323_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-020-00231-2","volume":"51","author":"JF Rodrigues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodrigues JF, Louren\u00e7o RF, Maeda DLNF et al (2020) Strain-specific transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of heat-labile toxin expression by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Braz J Microbiol 51:455\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42770-020-00231-2","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-022-00344-6","volume":"8","author":"T Sauvaitre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sauvaitre T, Van Landuyt J, Durif C et al (2022) Role of mucus-bacteria interactions in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) H10407 virulence and interplay with human microbiome. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 8:86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-022-00344-6","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"5323_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030505","volume":"12","author":"I Serrano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Serrano I, Verdial C, Tavares L, Oliveira M (2023) The virtuous Galleria mellonella model for scientific experimentation. Antibiot Basel 12:505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12030505","journal-title":"Antibiot Basel"},{"key":"5323_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1128\/Iai.01397-09","volume":"78","author":"A Taxt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taxt A, Aasland R, Sommerfelt H et al (2010) Heat-stable enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as a vaccine target. Infect Immun 78:1824\u20131831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/Iai.01397-09","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"5323_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.14.3715-3718.1998","volume":"180","author":"JD Trachman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Trachman JD, Maas WK (1998) Temperature regulation of heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) synthesis in Escherichia coli is mediated by an interaction of h-ns protein with the lt a-subunit dna. J Bacteriol 180:3715\u20133718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.180.14.3715-3718.1998","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"5323_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1135289","volume":"7","author":"CJ Tsai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsai CJ, Loh JM, Proft T (2016) Galleria mellonella infection models for the study of bacterial diseases and for antimicrobial drug testing. Virulence 7:214\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2015.1135289","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"5323_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00103.x","volume":"256","author":"R Van Houdt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Houdt R, Aertsen A, Moons P et al (2006) N-acyl-l-homoserine lactone signal interception by Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 256:83\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00103.x","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"5323_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.915","volume":"8","author":"NM Vega","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vega NM, Allison KR, Khalil AS, Collins JJ (2012) Signaling-mediated bacterial persister formation. Nat Chem Biol 8:431\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nchembio.915","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"5323_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.1128\/Jb.183.14.4210-4216.2001","volume":"183","author":"DD Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang DD, Ding XD, Rather PN (2001) Indole can act as an extracellular signal in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 183:4210\u20134216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/Jb.183.14.4210-4216.2001","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"5323_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32571","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.565762","volume":"289","author":"N Weatherspoon-Griffin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weatherspoon-Griffin N, Yang D, Kong W et al (2014) The CpxR\/CpxA two-component regulatory system up-regulates the multidrug resistance cascade to facilitate Escherichia coli resistance to a model antimicrobial peptide. J Biol Chem 289:32571\u201332582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M114.565762","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"5323_CR55","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024) WHO bacterial priority pathogens list, 2024: bacterial pathogens of public health importance, to guide research, development, and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance. World Health Organization"},{"key":"5323_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7457","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ob25835h","volume":"10","author":"RJ Worthington","year":"2012","unstructured":"Worthington RJ, Richards JJ, Melander C (2012) Small molecule control of bacterial biofilms. Org Biomol Chem 10:7457\u20137474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c2ob25835h","journal-title":"Org Biomol Chem"},{"key":"5323_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"wrae251","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrae251","volume":"18","author":"Q Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Q, Defoirdt T (2024) Weak selection for resistance to quorum sensing inhibition during multiple host infection cycles. ISME J 18:wrae251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ismejo\/wrae251","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"5323_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13714","volume":"19","author":"Q Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang Q, Pande GSJ, Wang Z et al (2017) Indole signalling and (micro) algal auxins decrease the virulence of Vibrio campbellii, a major pathogen of aquatic organisms. Env Microbiol 19:1987\u20132004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.13714","journal-title":"Env Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0268922","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02689-22","volume":"10","author":"S Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang S, Yang Q, Defoirdt T (2022a) Halogenated indoles decrease the virulence of Vibrio campbellii in a gnotobiotic brine shrimp model. Microbiol Spectr 10:e0268922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02689-22","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"5323_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15227","volume":"132","author":"S Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang S, Yang Q, Defoirdt T (2022b) Indole decreases the virulence of pathogenic vibrios belonging to the Harveyi clade. J Appl Microbiol 132:167\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jam.15227","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"5323_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09799-1","volume":"12","author":"S Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang S, Yang Q, Fu S et al (2022c) Indole decreases the virulence of the bivalve model pathogens Vibrio tasmaniensis LGP32 and Vibrio crassostreae J2-9. Sci Rep 12:5749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-09799-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5323_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01281-10","volume":"79","author":"J Zhu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhu J, Yin X, Yu H et al (2011) Involvement of quorum sensing and heat-stable enterotoxin a in cell damage caused by a porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain. Infect Immun 79:1688\u20131695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.01281-10","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11274-026-05323-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11274-026-05323-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11274-026-05323-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T14:43:34Z","timestamp":1793285014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11274-026-05323-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11274-026-05323-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-0972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-0972","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"594"}}