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This study evaluated the combined effects of heat, pH, and water activity on the antimicrobial activity of rhamnolipids (RL) against\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    within the framework of hurdle technology. Treatments were performed at 62\u00a0\u00b0C for 10\u00a0min under different pH and water activity (a\n                    <jats:sub>w<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) conditions adjusted with NaCl or sucrose. Increasing NaCl concentrations reduced the efficacy of heat treatment alone; however, its combination with RL produced a synergistic effect, achieving reductions exceeding 5 log CFU\/mL in low-a\n                    <jats:sub>w<\/jats:sub>\n                    media containing NaCl. In sucrose-containing media, the combined treatment reduced viable populations by 4\u20135 log CFU\/mL across all pH and a\n                    <jats:sub>w<\/jats:sub>\n                    conditions evaluated. The hurdles also showed potential as a sanitizer formulation against\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    attached to stainless steel surfaces, while scanning electron microscopy revealed extensive structural damage to treated cells. The combination of moderate heat and rhamnolipids exhibited synergistic antimicrobial activity under a range of pH and water activity conditions, representing a prospective strategy for controlling\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , particularly in low-water-activity foods with high salt or sugar contents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-026-05352-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:20:50Z","timestamp":1792160450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined effects of heat and rhamnolipids against Listeria monocytogenes: Influence of water activity and pH"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Gustavo Vasconcelos","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6107-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia","family":"Nitschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"5352_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.06.037","volume":"101","author":"H Abbasi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abbasi H, Noghabi KA, Hamedi MM et al (2013) Physicochemical characterization of a monorhamnolipid secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa MA01 in aqueous media: an experimental and molecular dynamics study. 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