{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:29:41Z","timestamp":1790281781005,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005274","name":"North-West University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolomics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Various studies have identified TB-induced metabolome variations. However, in most of these studies, a large degree of variation exists between individual patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To identify differential metabolites for TB, independent of patients\u2019 sex or HIV status.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Untargeted GCxGC\/TOF-MS analyses were applied to the sputum of 31\u00a0TB\u2009+\u2009and 197\u00a0TB- individuals. Univariate statistics were used to identify metabolites which are significantly different between TB\u2009+\u2009and TB- individuals (a) irrespective of HIV status, and (b) with a HIV\u2009+\u2009status. Comparisons a and b were repeated for (i) all participants, (ii) males only and (iii) females only.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twenty-one compounds were significantly different between the TB\u2009+\u2009and TB- individuals within the female subgroup (11% lipids; 10% carbohydrates; 1% amino acids, 5% other and 73% unannotated), and 6 within the male subgroup (20% lipids; 40% carbohydrates; 6% amino acids, 7% other and 27% unannotated). For the HIV\u2009+\u2009patients (TB\u2009+\u2009vs. TB-), a total of 125 compounds were significant within the female subgroup (16% lipids; 8% carbohydrates; 12% amino acids, 6% organic acids, 8% other and 50% unannotated), and 44 within the male subgroup (17% lipids; 2% carbohydrates; 14% amino acids related, 8% organic acids, 9% other and 50% unannotated). Only one annotated compound, 1-oleoyl lysophosphaditic acid, was consistently identified as a differential metabolite for TB, irrespective of sex or HIV status. The potential clinical application of this compound should be evaluated further.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings highlight the importance of considering confounders in metabolomics studies in order to identify unambiguous disease biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-023-02017-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T07:02:08Z","timestamp":1686121328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Tuberculosis is associated with sputum metabolome variations, irrespective of patient sex or HIV status: an untargeted GCxGC-TOFMS study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1987-4480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derylize","family":"Beukes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5856-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari","family":"van Reenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0339-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Du Toit","family":"Loots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5456-3931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilse","family":"du Preez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2017_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix550","volume":"65","author":"CG Adu-Gyamfi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adu-Gyamfi, C. 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The ethical committee of the North-West University approved this study (NWU-00127-11-A1-03).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"55"}}