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Maternal serum lipids were measured during pregnancy and umbilical cord serum lipids at delivery. Offspring insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function were assessed at nine years of age using serum insulin, C-peptide, and glucose concentrations measured during an oral glucose tolerance test. A total of 122 mother-child dyads were included in the analyses.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>After adjusting for multiple comparisons, higher cord serum docosahexaenoic acid, linoleic acid, and the ratio of linoleic acid to total fatty acids were significantly related to lower indices of \u03b2-cell function in childhood. In interaction models, cord serum linoleic acid was inversely related to offspring HOMA2-IR and measures of \u03b2-cell function only in the participants treated with insulin in pregnancy. Associations between maternal lipids and outcomes were not significant after Bonferroni adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cord serum lipids, and potentially maternal lipids, are related to childhood insulin function. These findings highlight the importance of maternal lipid metabolism in pregnancies affected by gestational diabetes. Given the observed differences between metformin and insulin treatment groups, the feto-placental effects of prenatal metformin exposure should be further investigated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>NCT02417090 at ClinicalTrials.gov, registered April 14th 2015.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This is secondary analysis of a previous study registered at ClinicalTrialg.gov (NCT02417090) on April 14th 2015.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-025-02281-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T09:47:30Z","timestamp":1750585650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Maternal and umbilical cord serum lipids in gestational diabetes predict offspring insulin secretion and resistance at the age of nine years"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02417090","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5564-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Huhtala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tapani","family":"R\u00f6nnemaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristiina","family":"Tertti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harri","family":"Niinikoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Paavilainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2281_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05001-w","volume":"62","author":"AV Ahola-Olli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahola-Olli, A. 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