{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:10:35Z","timestamp":1778105435050,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Early Career Researchers and Returners Fund from the University of Liverpool"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolomics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) in dogs is a debilitating and often fatal disease that shows similarities to multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans. The metabolomic profile of MUO has not been previously reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the metabolomic profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs with MUO with two other diseases affecting the central nervous system in dogs, steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) and idiopathic epilepsy (IE), and to determine if the metabolic profile of MUO shows similarities with that of MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Untargeted and semi-targeted metabolomics using\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was performed on surplus CSF of dogs diagnosed with MUO, SRMA and IE. Data were examined by multivariate and univariate statistical analysis and pathway analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-six metabolites were identified in 56 dogs. The multivariate analysis of the canine data highlighted significant differences between the different disease groups. Most metabolites were increased in SRMA and decreased in IE when compared to MUO. Most affected metabolites included those involved in energy metabolism. Pathway analysis revealed that these metabolites were mainly involved in pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that there is an increased energy demand in MUO. Our findings provide a first-time overview of CSF metabolic changes in MUO and offer potential insights for possible underlying pathogenesis and treatment strategies. Altered energy metabolism pathways are also reported in MS, further supporting the use of MUO as a spontaneous animal model for this disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-026-02403-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T19:20:54Z","timestamp":1770664854000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NMR metabolomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid from dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin demonstrates metabolic similarities to multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5420-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0727-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Walmsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8636-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Maddox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9298-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily J.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-2964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie M.","family":"Phelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2403_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.3c00678","volume":"15","author":"F Bhinderwala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhinderwala, F., Roth, H. E., Filipi, M., Jack, S., & Powers, R. (2024). Potential metabolite biomarkers of Multiple Sclerosis from Multiple Biofluids. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 15(6), 1110\u20131124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.3c00678","journal-title":"ACS Chemical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"2403_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000111347","volume":"15","author":"A Brand","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brand, A., Richter-Landsberg, C., & Leibfritz, D. (1993). Multinuclear NMR studies on the energy metabolism of glial and neuronal cells. Developmental Neuroscience, 15(3\u20135), 289\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000111347","journal-title":"Developmental Neuroscience"},{"key":"2403_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1455468","volume":"11","author":"ME Bride","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bride, M. E., Samarani, F., Grant, L. E., & James, F. M. K. (2024). Canine epilepsy\/seizure occurrence in primary care and referral populations: A look into the epidemiology across countries. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, Article 1455468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1455468","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2403_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000185","volume":"3","author":"E Cocco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cocco, E., Murgia, F., Lorefice, L., Barberini, L., Poddighe, S., Frau, J., Fenu, G., Coghe, G., Murru, M. R., Murru, R., Del Carratore, F., Atzori, L., & Marrosu, M. G. (2016). (1)H-NMR analysis provides a metabolomic profile of patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, 3(1), Article e185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000185","journal-title":"Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2403_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169266","author":"A Coope","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coope, A., Ghanameh, Z., Kingston, O., Sheridan, C. M., Barrett-Jolley, R., Phelan, M. M., & Oldershaw, R. A. (2022). (1)H NMR metabolite monitoring during the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells provides new insights into the molecular events that regulate embryonic chondrogenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23169266","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2403_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240427","volume":"24","author":"J Cordoba","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cordoba, J., Gottstein, J., & Blei, A. T. (1996). Glutamine, myo-inositol, and organic brain osmolytes after portocaval anastomosis in the rat: Implications for ammonia-induced brain edema. Hepatology, 24(4), 919\u2013923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.510240427","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2403_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.12.007","volume":"244","author":"I Cornelis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cornelis, I., Van Ham, L., Gielen, I., De Decker, S., & Bhatti, S. F. M. (2019). Clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, prognostic factors, treatment and outcome in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin: A review. The Veterinary Journal, 244, 37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.12.007","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2403_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99713-1_8","volume-title":"Fundamentals of clinical data science","author":"F Dankers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dankers, F., Traverso, A., Wee, L., & van Kuijk, S. M. J. (2019). Prediction modeling methodology. In P. Kubben, M. Dumontier, & A. Dekker (Eds.), Fundamentals of clinical data science (pp. 101\u2013120). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-99713-1_8"},{"key":"2403_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0462-1","volume":"11","author":"L De Risio","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Risio, L., Bhatti, S., Mu\u00f1ana, K., Penderis, J., Stein, V., Tipold, A., Berendt, M., Farqhuar, R., Fischer, A., Long, S., Mandigers, P. J., Matiasek, K., Packer, R. M., Pakozdy, A., Patterson, N., Platt, S., Podell, M., Potschka, H., Batlle, M. P., \u2026 Volk, H. A. (2015). International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: Diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs. BMC Veterinary Research, 11, Article 148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-015-0462-1","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2403_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.1941","volume":"45","author":"M Findeisen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Findeisen, M., Brand, T., & Berger, S. (2007). A 1H-NMR thermometer suitable for cryoprobes. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 45(2), 175\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrc.1941","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry"},{"key":"2403_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00203","volume":"4","author":"T Flegel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flegel, T. (2017). Breed-specific magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of necrotizing encephalitis in dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4, Article 203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2017.00203","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"2403_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.819945","volume":"8","author":"R Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, R., De Decker, S., Walmsley, G., Butterfield, S., & Maddox, T. W. (2021). Inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system in dogs: A retrospective study in England (2010\u20132019). Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, Article 819945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.819945","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"2403_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024a.1370882","volume":"11","author":"R Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, R., De Decker, S., Walmsley, G., & Maddox, T. W. (2024a). Magnetic resonance imaging prognostic factors for survival and relapse in dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, Article 1370882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024a.1370882","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"2403_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17037","author":"R Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, R., De Decker, S., Walmsley, G., & Maddox, T. W. (2024b). Prognosis in meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in dogs: Risk factors associated with survival, clinical relapse, and long-term disability. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.17037","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2403_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.03.031","volume":"184","author":"N Granger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Granger, N., Smith, P. M., & Jeffery, N. D. (2010). Clinical findings and treatment of non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs: A systematic review of 457 published cases from 1962 to 2008. The Veterinary Journal, 184(3), 290\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.03.031","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2403_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2010.01484.x","volume":"76","author":"KA Greer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Greer, K. A., Wong, A. K., Liu, H., Famula, T. R., Pedersen, N. C., Ruhe, A., Wallace, M., & Neff, M. W. (2010). Necrotizing meningoencephalitis of Pug dogs associates with dog leukocyte antigen class II and resembles acute variant forms of multiple sclerosis. Tissue Antigens, 76(2), 110\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2010.01484.x","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"2403_CR17","unstructured":"Grosman, R. (2019). NMR metabolomic profiling of mosquito species to understand insecticide resistance. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Liverpool]. Liverpool, UK."},{"issue":"4","key":"2403_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17899","volume":"65","author":"A Hanin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hanin, A., Chollet, C., Demeret, S., Di Meglio, L., Castelli, F., & Navarro, V. (2024). Metabolomic changes in adults with status epilepticus: A human case-control study. Epilepsia, 65(4), 929\u2013943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.17899","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2403_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1114798","volume":"10","author":"N Jeffery","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeffery, N., & Granger, N. (2023). New insights into the treatment of meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin since 2009: A review of 671 cases. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, Article 1114798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1114798","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"2403_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181758","volume":"12","author":"HH Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, H. H., Jeong, I. H., Hyun, J. S., Kong, B. S., Kim, H. J., & Park, S. J. (2017). Metabolomic profiling of CSF in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder by nuclear magnetic resonance. PLoS One, 12(7), Article e0181758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0181758","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2403_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1017\/s000711450769936x","volume":"98","author":"P Li","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li, P., Yin, Y. L., Li, D., Kim, S. W., & Wu, G. (2007). Amino acids and immune function. British Journal of Nutrition, 98(2), 237\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s000711450769936x","journal-title":"British Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"2403_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02141-x","volume":"10","author":"H Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, H., Wang, S., Wang, J., Guo, X., Song, Y., Fu, K., Gao, Z., Liu, D., He, W., & Yang, L. L. (2025). Energy metabolism in health and diseases. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 10(1), Article 69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-025-02141-x","journal-title":"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy"},{"key":"2403_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2018.08.001","volume":"87","author":"R Maeba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maeba, R., Araki, A., & Fujiwara, Y. (2018). Serum ethanolamine plasmalogen and urine Myo-inositol as cognitive decline markers. Advances in Clinical Chemistry, 87, 69\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.acc.2018.08.001","journal-title":"Advances in Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"2403_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2015.07.014","volume":"260","author":"GA Nagana Gowda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagana Gowda, G. A., & Raftery, D. (2015). Can NMR solve some significant challenges in metabolomics? Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 260, 144\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmr.2015.07.014","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetic Resonance"},{"key":"2403_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1465689","volume":"11","author":"JN Nessler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nessler, J. N., & Tipold, A. (2024). Of potential new treatment targets and polythetic approach in meningoencephalitis of unknown origin: A review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, Article 1465689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1465689","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"2403_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.957285","volume":"9","author":"JN Nessler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nessler, J. N., Oevermann, A., Schawacht, M., Gerhauser, I., Spitzbarth, I., Bittermann, S., Steffen, F., Schmidt, M. J., & Tipold, A. (2022). Concomitant necrotizing encephalitis and granulomatous meningoencephalitis in four toy breed dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, Article 957285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.957285","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2403_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-011-0306-3","volume":"8","author":"MJ Noga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Noga, M. J., Dane, A., Shi, S., Attali, A., van Aken, H., Suidgeest, E., Tuinstra, T., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Luider, T., Reijmers, T. H., Vreeken, R. J., & Hankemeier, T. (2012). Metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid reveals changes in the central nervous system metabolism in a rat model of multiple sclerosis. Metabolomics, 8(2), 253\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11306-011-0306-3","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2403_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16509","volume":"61","author":"LR Pimentel-Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pimentel-Silva, L. R., Casseb, R. F., Cordeiro, M. M., Campos, B. A. G., Alvim, M. K. M., Rogerio, F., Yasuda, C. L., & Cendes, F. (2020). Interactions between in vivo neuronal-glial markers, side of hippocampal sclerosis, and pharmacoresponse in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 61(5), 1008\u20131018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.16509","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2403_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280864","volume":"18","author":"JK Pr\u00fcmmer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pr\u00fcmmer, J. K., Stein, V. M., Marti, E., Lutterotti, A., Jelcic, I., Sch\u00fcpbach-Regula, G., Buch, T., & Maiolini, A. (2023). Assessment of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin. PLoS One, 18(1), Article e0280864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280864","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"2403_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513516528","volume":"20","author":"SN Reinke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reinke, S. N., Broadhurst, D. L., Sykes, B. D., Baker, G. B., Catz, I., Warren, K. G., & Power, C. (2014). Metabolomic profiling in multiple sclerosis: Insights into biomarkers and pathogenesis. Multiple Sclerosis, 20(10), 1396\u20131400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458513516528","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2403_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005752","volume":"13","author":"F Rohart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rohart, F., Gautier, B., Singh, A., & Ka, L. C. (2017). MixOmics: An R package for \u2019omics feature selection and multiple data integration. PLoS Computational Biology, 13(11), Article e1005752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005752","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2403_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.167601","volume":"57","author":"T Rosenling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rosenling, T., Stoop, M. P., Smolinska, A., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Shi, S., Dane, A., Christin, C., Suits, F., Horvatovich, P. L., Wijmenga, S. S., Buydens, L. M., Vreeken, R., Hankemeier, T., van Gool, A. J., Luider, T. M., & Bischoff, R. (2011). The impact of delayed storage on the measured proteome and metabolome of human cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical Chemistry, 57(12), 1703\u20131711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2011.167601","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"2403_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.08.014","volume":"25","author":"A Ruiz-Arg\u00fcelles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruiz-Arg\u00fcelles, A., M\u00e9ndez-Huerta, M. A., Lozano, C. D., & Ruiz-Arg\u00fcelles, G. J. (2018). Metabolomic profile of insulin resistance in patients with multiple sclerosis is associated to the severity of the disease. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 25, 316\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2018.08.014","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"2403_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-217x-2-8","volume":"2","author":"RM Salek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salek, R. M., Haug, K., & Steinbeck, C. (2013). Dissemination of metabolomics results: Role of MetaboLights and COSMOS. Gigascience, 2(1), Article 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2047-217x-2-8","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2403_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10858-016-0060-y","volume":"66","author":"SP Skinner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skinner, S. P., Fogh, R. H., Boucher, W., Ragan, T. J., Mureddu, L. G., & Vuister, G. W. (2016). CcpNmr AnalysisAssign: A flexible platform for integrated NMR analysis. Journal of Biomolecular NMR, 66(2), 111\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10858-016-0060-y","journal-title":"Journal of Biomolecular NMR"},{"key":"2403_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11120835","author":"AP Sousa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sousa, A. P., Cunha, D. M., Franco, C., Teixeira, C., Gojon, F., Baylina, P., & Fernandes, R. (2021). Which role plays 2-Hydroxybutyric acid on insulin resistance? Metabolites. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo11120835","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"3","key":"2403_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-007-0082-2","volume":"3","author":"LW Sumner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sumner, L. W., Amberg, A., Barrett, D., Beale, M. H., Beger, R., Daykin, C. A., Fan, T. W., Fiehn, O., Goodacre, R., Griffin, J. L., Hankemeier, T., Hardy, N., Harnly, J., Higashi, R., Kopka, J., Lane, A. N., Lindon, J. C., Marriott, P., Nicholls, A. W., \u2026 Viant, M. R. (2007). Proposed minimum reporting standards for chemical analysis Chemical Analysis Working Group (CAWG) Metabolomics Standards Initiative (MSI). Metabolomics, 3(3), 211\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11306-007-0082-2","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2403_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-011-0330-3","volume":"8","author":"E Szyma\u0144ska","year":"2012","unstructured":"Szyma\u0144ska, E., Saccenti, E., Smilde, A. K., & Westerhuis, J. A. (2012). Double-check: Validation of diagnostic statistics for PLS-DA models in metabolomics studies. Metabolomics, 8(1), 3\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11306-011-0330-3","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2403_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00823.x","volume":"51","author":"LR Talarico","year":"2010","unstructured":"Talarico, L. R., & Schatzberg, S. J. (2010). Idiopathic granulomatous and necrotising inflammatory disorders of the canine central nervous system: A review and future perspectives. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 51(3), 138\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00823.x","journal-title":"Journal of Small Animal Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"2403_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46060335","volume":"46","author":"G Tancreda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tancreda, G., Ravera, S., & Panfoli, I. (2024). Exploring the therapeutic potential: Bioactive molecules and dietary interventions in multiple sclerosis management. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 46(6), 5595\u20135613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb46060335","journal-title":"Current Issues in Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2403_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2009.08.006","volume":"28","author":"HS Tapp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tapp, H. S., K. E (2009). Notes on the practical utility of OPLS. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 28(11), 1322\u20131327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trac.2009.08.006","journal-title":"TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2403_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00848.x","volume":"51","author":"A Tipold","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tipold, A., & Schatzberg, S. J. (2010). An update on steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 51(3), 150\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00848.x","journal-title":"Journal of Small Animal Practice"},{"key":"2403_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18256","author":"F Verdoodt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Verdoodt, F., Bhatti, S. F. M., Molina, J., Van Ham, L., Vanhaecke, L., Junius, G., Hemeryck, L. Y., & Hesta, M. (2025). Plasma metabolome reveals altered oxidative stress, inflammation, and amino acid metabolism in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Epilepsia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.18256","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2403_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106030","volume":"300","author":"JC Wohlsein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wohlsein, J. C., & Tipold, A. (2023). Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis: What have we learned since 2010? A narrative review. The Veterinary Journal, 300, Article 106030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106030","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2403_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2174\/2213235x04666160613122429","volume":"4","author":"B Worley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Worley, B., & Powers, R. (2016). PCA as a practical indicator of OPLS-DA model reliability. Current Metabolomics, 4(2), 97\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/2213235x04666160613122429","journal-title":"Current Metabolomics"},{"issue":"25","key":"2403_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7061-4","volume":"405","author":"AH Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, A. H., Sun, H., & Wang, X. J. (2013). Recent advances in metabolomics in neurological disease, and future perspectives. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 405(25), 8143\u20138150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-013-7061-4","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2403_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.874121","volume":"13","author":"M \u017did\u00f3","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u017did\u00f3, M., Ka\u010der, D., Vale\u0161, K., Svobodov\u00e1, Z., Zimov\u00e1, D., & \u0160t\u011btk\u00e1rov\u00e1, I. (2022). Metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis compared with healthy controls: A pilot study. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, Article 874121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.874121","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"}],"container-title":["Metabolomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11306-026-02403-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11306-026-02403-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11306-026-02403-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T21:20:44Z","timestamp":1778102444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11306-026-02403-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11306-026-02403-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-3890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-3890","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Ethics Committee of the University of Liverpool (VREC751).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"24"}}