{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:21:05Z","timestamp":1792783265541,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of the Free State","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009xwd568","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolomics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood metabolite profiling can provide descriptive information on physiological variation in wildlife, but interpretation is sensitive to sampling design, specimen matrix and analytical batch.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterise quantified blood metabolites in apparently healthy giraffes and white rhinoceroses, examine sex-associated differences within each species, and conduct an exploratory matrix-matched interspecies comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were available for 24 valid giraffe sampling occasions from 19 animals and for 45 white rhinoceroses. Metabolites were quantified jointly from the original spectra. Design-defined comparisons used log\u2082-transformed concentrations, Welch tests, Benjamini\u2013Hochberg false-discovery correction, effect sizes and permutation, rank-based, leave-one-out and annotation-confidence sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No sex-associated metabolite differences were detected among the 2017 Rooipoort giraffe serum samples. Nine metabolites met the primary false-discovery criterion in the rhinoceros sex comparison, although only N-acetylglucosamine showed consistently strong evidence across all sensitivity analyses. In the comparison of six verified giraffe and 45 rhinoceros EDTA-plasma samples, 36 of 50 metabolites differed by the primary analysis; 28 formed a conservative core supported by all statistical tests and all leave-one-giraffe-out analyses. The core remained significant after adjustment for sex. Collection year was completely confounded with serum versus plasma in giraffes and was not tested inferentially.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The two study groups had markedly different measured plasma metabolite profiles, with a coherent difference among branched-chain amino-acid-related metabolites. However, species was inseparable from NMR acquisition batch, and the small giraffe group limits biological and pathway-level inference. The concentrations provide exploratory baseline data rather than formal reference intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-026-02535-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:45:57Z","timestamp":1790142357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative 1H-NMR profiling of plasma and serum metabolites in giraffes and white rhinoceroses"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1008-4602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Osthoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2945-5768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5416-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Tordiffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6500-4625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Deacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2535_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. 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Permission was also obtained under Sect. 20 of the South African Animal Diseases Act, 1984 (Act No. 35 of 1984; permit 12\/11\/1\/4) and the Threatened or Protected Species Regulations (standing permit S07969 and registration certificate 29414).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"159"}}