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However, accurate imaging tools permitting diagnosis and characterization of inflammation are still missing. As inflamed tissues exhibit a high rate of glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism may offer a unique approach to follow the inflammatory response and disease progression. Therefore, the aim of the study was to follow metabolic changes and recruitment of inflammatory cells after onset of inflammation in arthritic ankles using hyperpolarized 1-<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and <jats:sup>19<\/jats:sup>F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Procedure<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Experimental rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was induced by intraperitoneal injection of glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase-specific antibodies (GPI) containing serum. To monitor pyruvate metabolism, the transformation of hyperpolarized 1-<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-pyruvate into hyperpolarized 1-<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-lactate was followed using MRS. To track phagocytic immune cell homing, we intravenously injected a perfluorocarbon emulsion 48\u00a0h before imaging. The animals were scanned at days 1, 3, or 6 after GPI-serum injection to examine the different stages of arthritic inflammation. Finally, to confirm the pyruvate metabolic activity and the link to inflammatory cell recruitment, we conducted hematoxylin-eosin histopathology and monocarboxylase transporter (MCT-1) immune histochemistry (IHC) of inflamed ankles.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Hyperpolarized 1-<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-pyruvate MRS revealed a high rate of lactate production immediately at day 1 after GPI-serum transfer, which remained elevated during the progression of the disease, while <jats:sup>19<\/jats:sup>F-MRI exhibited a gradual recruitment of phagocytic immune cells in arthritic ankles, which correlated well with the course of ankle swelling. Histopathology and IHC revealed that MCT-1 was expressed in regions with inflammatory cell recruitment, confirming the metabolic shift identified in arthritic ankles.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study demonstrated the presence of a very early metabolic shift in arthritic joints independent of phagocytic immune cell recruitment. Thus, hyperpolarized 1-<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-pyruvate represents a promising tracer to monitor acute arthritic joint inflammation, even with minor ankle swelling. Furthermore, translated to the clinics, these methods add a detailed characterization of disease status and could substantially support patient stratification and therapy monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-020-01510-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T19:10:50Z","timestamp":1591643450000},"page":"1324-1332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Lactate Production Precedes Inflammatory Cell Recruitment in Arthritic Ankles: an Imaging Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Marie-Aline","family":"Neveu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Beziere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Bouzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Comment","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Schwenck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Kneilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd J.","family":"Pichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6483-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas M.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1510_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18001","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.1","volume":"4","author":"JS Smolen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Barton A, Burmester GR, Emery P, Firestein GS, Kavanaugh A, McInnes IB, Solomon DH, Strand V, Yamamoto K (2018) Rheumatoid arthritis. 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The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}