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OTL38 is a folate receptor (FR) targeted near-infrared (NIR) contrast agent that is FDA approved for use in fluorescence guided surgery of ovarian and lung cancer. In this work, we investigated the use OTL38 for <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> labeling and detection of FR\u2009+\u2009CTCs with DiFC.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We tested OTL38 labeling of FR\u2009+\u2009cancer cell lines (IGROV-1 and L1210A) as well as FR- MM.1S cells in suspensions of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells (PBMCs) <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. We also tested OTL38 labeling and NIR-DIFC detection of FR\u2009+\u2009L1210A cells in blood circulation in nude mice <jats:italic>in vivo.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>62% of IGROV-1 and 83% of L1210A were labeled above non-specific background levels in suspensions of PBMCs <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> compared to only 2% of FR- MM.1S cells. L1210A cells could be labeled with OTL38 directly in circulation <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and externally detected using NIR-DiFC in mice with low false positive detection rates.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This work shows the feasibility of labeling CTCs <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> with OTL38 and detection with DiFC. Although further refinement of the DiFC instrument and signal processing algorithms and testing with other animal models is needed, this work may eventually pave the way for human use of DiFC.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-024-01914-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T16:02:05Z","timestamp":1712678525000},"page":"603-615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["In Vivo Labeling and Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in Mice Using OTL38"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Pace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madduri","family":"Srinivasarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shivakrishna","family":"Kallepu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip S.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1318-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Niedre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10053","key":"1914_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)31012-1","volume":"388","author":"G. 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