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However, infiltration has a heterogenic nature that isn\u2019t described in detail, as not all islets are infiltrated. The aim of this study was to investigate if the observed heterogeneity is coupled to differences in immune and\/or dysfunctional status of islets or exocrine cells, and if specific markers could elucidate mechanistic details of T1D pathogenesis.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The GeoMx platform was used to spatially quantify protein levels in pancreatic islets and exocrine tissue in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice. The protein panel included 17 immune activity markers and nine dysfunction markers. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and digital image analysis was used to analyze select marker proteins.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Use of the GeoMx platform to investigate T1D was shown to be possible, as Granzyme B protein levels were found to be lower in distal islet areas when compared to proximal areas. Smooth Muscle Actin protein levels were higher in exocrine areas proximal to immune-infiltrated islets, when compared to distally located exocrine areas. Findings from GeoMx were however not observed in IHC-stained sections.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study demonstrates that investigating T1D is possible with spatial proteomics, as the assays revealed presence of heterogenic islet areas in NOD mice, which may play a role in T1D progression and escape from immune recognition. This study highlights the potential of spatial technologies for elucidating T1D pathogenesis and future treatment strategies.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-024-01961-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T17:38:14Z","timestamp":1731951494000},"page":"943-954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using GeoMx DSP Spatial Proteomics to Investigate Immune Infiltration of NOD Mouse Islet and Exocrine Compartments"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4970-2911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasim","family":"Tekin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claes","family":"Lindhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie Christine","family":"Antvorskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolai Schou","family":"Bager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Signe Regner","family":"Michaelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Au\u0161rin\u0117","family":"Are\u0161kevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas Pordel","family":"Vind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bjarne Winther","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Knud","family":"Josefsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1961_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00218-2","volume":"10","author":"GA Gregory","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gregory GA, Robinson TIG, Linklater SE et al (2022) Global incidence, prevalence, and mortality of type 1 diabetes in 2021 with projection to 2040: a modelling study. 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