{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:05:35Z","timestamp":1793505935826,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["215747\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215747\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019418","name":"NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CN00000013 CN1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN00000013 CN1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNC0000002_DARE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNC0000002_DARE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022RXM3H7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RXM3H7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Imaging Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe psychiatric disorder marked by abnormal dopamine synthesis, measurable through [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FDOPA PET imaging. This imaging technique has been proposed as a biomarker for treatment stratification in SCZ, where one-third of patients respond poorly to standard antipsychotics. This study explores the use of radiomics on [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FDOPA PET data to examine dopamine synthesis in SCZ and predict antipsychotic response.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We analysed 273 [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FDOPA PET scans from healthy controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009138) and SCZ patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009135) from multiple cohorts, including first-episode psychosis cases. Radiomic features from striatal regions were extracted using the MIRP Python package. Reproducibility was assessed with test\u2013retest scans, selecting features with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)\u2009&gt;\u20090.80. These features were grouped via hierarchical clustering based on Spearman correlation. Regression analysis evaluated sex and age effects on radiomic features. Predictive power for treatment response was tested and compared to standard imaging analysis obtained from the Standardised Uptake Value ratio (SUVr) of striatal over cerebellar tracer activity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Out of 177 features, 15 met the ICC criteria (ICC: 0.81\u20130.99). Age and sex influenced features in patients but not in controls. The best performance were was by the GLCM joint maximum feature, which effectively differentiated responders from non-responders (AUC: 0.66\u20130.87), but did not reach statistical significance in classification over SUVr.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Radiomic analysis of [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FDOPA PET supports its use as a biomarker for assessing antipsychotic efficacy in schizophrenia, highlighting differential striatal tracer uptake based on patient response. While it provides modest classification improvements over standard imaging, further validation in larger datasets and integration with multivariate classification algorithms are needed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-025-02014-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T14:42:48Z","timestamp":1746456168000},"page":"365-378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Radiomic Analysis of Striatal [18F]FDOPA PET Imaging in Patients with Psychosis for the Identification of Antipsychotic Response"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Astrid","family":"Schiulaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Nordio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Giacomel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubaida","family":"Easmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bettinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Selvaggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Turkheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Jauhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Howes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3562-0683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"FDOPA PET Imaging Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilinca","family":"Angelescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micheal","family":"Bloomfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Bonoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faith","family":"Borgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarik","family":"Dahoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"D\u2019Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arsime","family":"Demjaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jecek","family":"Donocik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Egerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Kaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euitae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seoyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Maccabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"McCutcheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Nosarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Nour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Rogdaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Rutigliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Vano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2014_CR1","unstructured":"Institute of health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx). http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-results-tool?params=gbd-api-2019-permalink\/27a7644e8ad28e739382d31e77589dd7. Accessed 25 Sept 2021"},{"key":"2014_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360","volume":"77","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Reis Marques T, Howes OD (2020) Schizophrenia-an overview. JAMA Psychiatry 77:201\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01730-X","volume":"399","author":"S Jauhar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jauhar S, Johnstone M, McKenna PJ (2022) Schizophrenia. Lancet (London, England) 399:473\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01730-X","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"2014_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp006","volume":"35","author":"OD Howes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Howes OD, Kapur S (2009) The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III\u2013the final common pathway. Schizophr Bull 35:549\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbp006","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2014_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.11.1474","volume":"148","author":"KL Davis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Davis KL, Kahn RS, Ko G, Davidson M (1991) Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization. Am J Psychiatry 148:1474\u20131486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.148.11.1474","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2012.169","volume":"69","author":"OD Howes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Howes OD, Kambeitz J, Kim E et al (2012) The nature of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia and what this means for treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69:776\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2012.169","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.2943","volume":"74","author":"S Jauhar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jauhar S, Nour MM, Veronese M et al (2017) A test of the transdiagnostic dopamine hypothesis of psychosis using positron emission tomographic imaging in bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiat 74:1206\u20131213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.2943","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"2014_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0740-x","volume":"45","author":"PWC Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng PWC, Chang WC, Lo GG et al (2020) The role of dopamine dysregulation and evidence for the transdiagnostic nature of elevated dopamine synthesis in psychosis: a positron emission tomography (PET) study comparing schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and other psychotic disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 45:1870\u20131876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-020-0740-x","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2014_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01200-3","volume":"27","author":"OD Howes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Howes OD, Thase ME, Pillinger T (2022) Treatment resistance in psychiatry: state of the art and new directions. Mol Psychiatry 27:58\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-021-01200-3","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002014","volume":"46","author":"J Lally","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lally J, Ajnakina O, Di Forti M et al (2016) Two distinct patterns of treatment resistance: clinical predictors of treatment resistance in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum psychoses. Psychol Med 46:3231\u20133240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291716002014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2014_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00866-7","volume":"46","author":"M Veronese","year":"2021","unstructured":"Veronese M, Santangelo B, Jauhar S et al (2021) A potential biomarker for treatment stratification in psychosis: evaluation of an [(18)F] FDOPA PET imaging approach. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 46:1122\u20131132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-020-00866-7","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2014_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.270","volume":"7","author":"S Jauhar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jauhar S, Veronese M, Rogdaki M et al (2017) Regulation of dopaminergic function: an [(18)F]-DOPA PET apomorphine challenge study in humans. Transl Psychiatry 7:e1027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/tp.2016.270","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.20","volume":"16","author":"O Howes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Howes O, Bose S, Turkheimer F et al (2011) Progressive increase in striatal dopamine synthesis capacity as patients develop psychosis: a PET study. Mol Psychiatry 16:885\u2013886","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.11.017","volume":"74","author":"A Egerton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Egerton A, Chaddock CA, Winton-Brown TT et al (2013) Presynaptic striatal dopamine dysfunction in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis: findings in a second cohort. Biol Psychiatry 74:106\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.11.017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.06.011","volume":"75","author":"A Demjaha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Demjaha A, Egerton A, Murray RM et al (2014) Antipsychotic treatment resistance in schizophrenia associated with elevated glutamate levels but normal dopamine function. Biol Psychiatry 75:e11\u2013e13","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1357","volume":"105","author":"S Jauhar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jauhar S, Howes OD (2019) Understanding and predicting variability in response to treatment in psychotic disorders: in vivo findings. Clin Pharmacol Ther 105:1079\u20131081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt.1357","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2014_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.12.004","volume":"42","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2019","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Abi-Dargham A, Howes OD (2019) Schizophrenia, dopamine and the striatum: from biology to symptoms. Trends Neurosci 42:205\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2018.12.004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2014_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.08.031","volume":"89","author":"D Mamah","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mamah D, Wang L, Barch D et al (2007) Structural analysis of the basal ganglia in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 89:59\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2006.08.031","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2014_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.08.025","volume":"106","author":"M Ballmaier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ballmaier M, Schlagenhauf F, Toga AW et al (2008) Regional patterns and clinical correlates of basal ganglia morphology in non-medicated schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 106:140\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2008.08.025","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2014_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.222893","volume":"61","author":"ME Mayerhoefer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mayerhoefer ME, Materka A, Langs G et al (2020) Introduction to radiomics. J Nucl Med 61:488\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.118.222893","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2014_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R150","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/13\/R150","volume":"61","author":"SSF Yip","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yip SSF, Aerts HJWL (2016) Applications and limitations of radiomics. Phys Med Biol 61:R150\u2013R166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/13\/R150","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"2014_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.261545","volume":"63","author":"T Zaragori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zaragori T, Oster J, Roch V et al (2022) (18)F-FDOPA PET for the noninvasive prediction of glioma molecular parameters: a radiomics study. J Nucl Med 63:147\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.120.261545","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2014_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29910","volume":"69","author":"F Fiz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fiz F, Bottoni G, Bini F et al (2022) Prognostic value of texture analysis of the primary tumour in high-risk neuroblastoma: an (18) F-DOPA PET study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 69:e29910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.29910","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2014_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC48229.2022.9871543","volume":"2022","author":"A Carrasco-Poves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carrasco-Poves A, Ruiz-Espana S, Brambilla CR et al (2022) Analysis of new biomarkers for the study of schizophrenia following a radiomics approach on MR and PET imaging. 2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom 2022:234\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC48229.2022.9871543","journal-title":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom"},{"key":"2014_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12276","volume":"8","author":"D Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi D, Zhang H, Wang G et al (2022) Neuroimaging biomarkers for detecting schizophrenia: a resting-state functional MRI-based radiomics analysis. Heliyon 8:e12276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12276","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2014_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.682777","volume":"15","author":"L-B Cui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cui L-B, Zhang Y-J, Lu H-L et al (2021) Thalamus radiomics-based disease identification and prediction of early treatment response for schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 15:682777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.682777","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2014_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015151169","volume":"278","author":"RJ Gillies","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gillies RJ, Kinahan PE, Hricak H (2016) Radiomics: images are more than pictures, they are data. Radiology 278:563\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2015151169","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2014_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nordio G, Easmin R, Giacomel A et al (2023) An automatic analysis framework for FDOPA PET neuroimaging. J Cereb blood flow Metab Off J Int Soc Cereb Blood Flow Metab 271678X231168687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678X231168687","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X231168687"},{"key":"2014_CR29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1992) The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines, vol 1. World Health Organization"},{"key":"2014_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0042-4","volume":"24","author":"S Jauhar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jauhar S, Veronese M, Nour MM et al (2019) Determinants of treatment response in first-episode psychosis: an 18F-DOPA PET study. Mol Psychiatry 24:1502\u20131512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-018-0042-4","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.258","volume":"42","author":"E Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim E, Howes OD, Veronese M et al (2017) Presynaptic dopamine capacity in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia taking clozapine: an [(18)F]DOPA PET study. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 42:941\u2013950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2016.258","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2014_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12010144","volume":"169","author":"A Demjaha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Demjaha A, Murray RM, McGuire PK et al (2012) Dopamine synthesis capacity in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 169:1203\u20131210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12010144","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa128","volume":"47","author":"A Egerton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Egerton A, Murphy A, Donocik J et al (2021) Dopamine and glutamate in antipsychotic-responsive compared with antipsychotic-nonresponsive psychosis: a multicenter positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy study (STRATA). Schizophr Bull 47:505\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa128","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2014_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858409338217","volume":"15","author":"Y Kumakura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumakura Y, Cumming P (2009) PET studies of cerebral levodopa metabolism: a review of clinical findings and modeling approaches. Neurosci A Rev J Bringing Neurobiol Neurol Psychiatry 15:635\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073858409338217","journal-title":"Neurosci A Rev J Bringing Neurobiol Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000048520.34839.1A","volume":"23","author":"D Martinez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martinez D, Slifstein M, Broft A et al (2003) Imaging human mesolimbic dopamine transmission with positron emission tomography. Part II: amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the functional subdivisions of the striatum. J Cereb blood flow Metab Off J Int Soc Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23:285\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.WCB.0000048520.34839.1A","journal-title":"J Cereb blood flow Metab Off J Int Soc Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2014_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36938-4","volume":"9","author":"A Zwanenburg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zwanenburg A, Leger S, Agolli L et al (2019) Assessing robustness of radiomic features by image perturbation. Sci Rep 9:614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-36938-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2014_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.211604","volume":"303","author":"A Bettinelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bettinelli A, Marturano F, Avanzo M et al (2022) A novel benchmarking approach to assess the agreement among radiomic tools. Radiology 303:533\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.211604","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2014_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11075","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11075","volume":"5","author":"RTH Leijenaar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leijenaar RTH, Nalbantov G, Carvalho S et al (2015) The effect of SUV discretization in quantitative FDG-PET radiomics: the need for standardized methodology in tumor texture analysis. Sci Rep 5:11075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep11075","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2014_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020191145","volume":"295","author":"A Zwanenburg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zwanenburg A, Valli\u00e8res M, Abdalah MA et al (2020) The image biomarker standardization initiative: standardized quantitative radiomics for high-throughput image-based phenotyping. Radiology 295:328\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2020191145","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2014_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.058","volume":"50","author":"A Egerton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Egerton A, Demjaha A, McGuire P et al (2010) The test-retest reliability of 18F-DOPA PET in assessing striatal and extrastriatal presynaptic dopaminergic function. Neuroimage 50:524\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.058","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2014_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","volume":"86","author":"PE Shrout","year":"1979","unstructured":"Shrout PE, Fleiss JL (1979) Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull 86:420\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2014_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med 15:155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"2014_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-018-0068-z","volume":"2","author":"S Rizzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rizzo S, Botta F, Raimondi S et al (2018) Radiomics: the facts and the challenges of image analysis. Eur Radiol Exp 2:36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41747-018-0068-z","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"key":"2014_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.024","volume":"167","author":"J-P Fortin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fortin J-P, Cullen N, Sheline YI et al (2018) Harmonization of cortical thickness measurements across scanners and sites. Neuroimage 167:104\u2013120","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2014_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.047","volume":"161","author":"J-P Fortin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fortin J-P, Parker D, Tun\u00e7 B et al (2017) Harmonization of multi-site diffusion tensor imaging data. Neuroimage 161:149\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.047","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2014_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.199935","volume":"59","author":"F Orlhac","year":"2018","unstructured":"Orlhac F, Boughdad S, Philippe C et al (2018) A postreconstruction harmonization method for multicenter radiomic studies in PET. J Nucl Med 59:1321\u20131328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.117.199935","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2014_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","volume":"12","author":"X Robin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robin X, Turck N, Hainard A et al (2011) pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics 12:77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2014_CR48","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Package \u2018randomforest\u2019","author":"Leo Breiman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Breiman Leo et al (2018) Package \u2018randomforest.\u2019 University of California, Berkeley, pp 1\u201329"},{"key":"2014_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2467","volume":"75","author":"T Wolfers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wolfers T, Doan NT, Kaufmann T et al (2018) Mapping the heterogeneous phenotype of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder using normative models. JAMA Psychiat 75:1146\u20131155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2467","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"2014_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00589893","volume":"99","author":"JC Baron","year":"1989","unstructured":"Baron JC, Martinot JL, Cambon H et al (1989) Striatal dopamine receptor occupancy during and following withdrawal from neuroleptic treatment: correlative evaluation by positron emission tomography and plasma prolactin levels. Psychopharmacology 99:463\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00589893","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2014_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saverino M (2025) Single-subject network analysis of FDOPA PET in Parkinson\u2019s disease and Psychosis spectrum. Prepr (Version 1) available Res Sq. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6126927\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6126927\/v1"},{"key":"2014_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-02938-w","author":"A Giacomel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Giacomel A, Martins D, Nordio G et al (2025) Investigating dopaminergic abnormalities in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis with normative modelling and multisite molecular neuroimaging. Mol Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-025-02938-w","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.08.039","volume":"34","author":"J Koikkalainen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koikkalainen J, Hirvonen J, Nyman M et al (2007) Shape variability of the human striatum\u2013effects of age and gender. Neuroimage 34:85\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.08.039","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2014_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.10.013","volume":"67","author":"A Mendrek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mendrek A, Mancini-Mar\u00efe A (2016) Sex\/gender differences in the brain and cognition in schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 67:57\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.10.013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2014_CR55","first-page":"178","volume":"40","author":"CM Canuso","year":"2007","unstructured":"Canuso CM, Pandina G (2007) Gender and schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 40:178\u2013190","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"2014_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25625","volume":"43","author":"BA Gutman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gutman BA, van Erp TGM, Alpert K et al (2022) A meta-analysis of deep brain structural shape and asymmetry abnormalities in 2,833 individuals with schizophrenia compared with 3,929 healthy volunteers via the ENIGMA consortium. Hum Brain Mapp 43:352\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.25625","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2014_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610215000459","volume":"27","author":"J-R Maltais","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maltais J-R, Gagnon G, Garant M-P, Trudel J-F (2015) Correlation between age and MMSE in schizophrenia. Int psychogeriatrics 27:1769\u20131775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1041610215000459","journal-title":"Int psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"2014_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01897-w","volume":"28","author":"C Constantinides","year":"2023","unstructured":"Constantinides C, Han LKM, Alloza C et al (2023) Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium. Mol Psychiatry 28:1201\u20131209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-022-01897-w","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2014_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1546","volume":"72","author":"AR Ribe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ribe AR, Laursen TM, Charles M et al (2015) Long-term risk of dementia in persons with schizophrenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. JAMA Psychiat 72:1095\u20131101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1546","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"2014_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/s0925-4927(96)02946-0","volume":"68","author":"M Lauer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lauer M, Beckmann H (1997) The human striatum in schizophrenia. I. Increase in overall relative striatal volume in schizophrenics. Psychiatry Res 68:87\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0925-4927(96)02946-0","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2014_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x13666150429002536","volume":"13","author":"R Roiz-Santia\u00f1ez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roiz-Santia\u00f1ez R, Suarez-Pinilla P, Crespo-Facorro B (2015) Brain structural effects of antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Curr Neuropharmacol 13:422\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159x13666150429002536","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2014_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.06.004","volume":"140","author":"S Taylor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taylor S, Christensen JD, Holcomb JM, Garver DL (2005) Volume increases in striatum associated with positive symptom reduction in schizophrenia: a preliminary observation. Psychiatry Res 140:85\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.06.004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2014_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park JE, Kim HS (2018) Radiomics as a quantitative imaging biomarker: practical considerations and the current standpoint in neuro-oncologic studies. Nucl Med Mol Imaging (2010) 52:99\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13139-017-0512-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s13139-017-0512-7"},{"key":"2014_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09229-w","volume":"33","author":"D Du","year":"2023","unstructured":"Du D, Lv W, Lv J et al (2023) Deep learning-based harmonization of CT reconstruction kernels towards improved clinical task performance. Eur Radiol 33:2426\u20132438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-022-09229-w","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2014_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-06708-8","volume":"51","author":"D Haberl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haberl D, Spielvogel CP, Jiang Z et al (2024) Multicenter PET image harmonization using generative adversarial networks. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 51:2532\u20132546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-024-06708-8","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2014_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72321-y","volume":"10","author":"T Shigekiyo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shigekiyo T, Arawaka S (2020) Laterality of specific binding ratios on DAT-SPECT for differential diagnosis of degenerative parkinsonian syndromes. Sci Rep 10:15761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-72321-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Molecular Imaging and Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11307-025-02014-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11307-025-02014-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11307-025-02014-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T15:34:30Z","timestamp":1749742470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11307-025-02014-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11307-025-02014-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1536-1632","1860-2002"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1536-1632","type":"print"},{"value":"1860-2002","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All research protocols for data acquisition were approved by local ethics committees and institutional review boards. Informed written consent was obtained for all participants and the studies were conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"O.H. and M.V. hold a patent application for the use of dopamine imaging as a prognostic tool in mental health (WO2021111116). The other authors do not report any conflict of interest in relation to this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}