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This study establishes lung [\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]FDG uptake by PET\/CT as an accurate measure of lung inflammation associated with influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1 infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Immunocompetent BALB\/c mice were infected with a highly lethal dose of influenza A virus (PR8 strain) and intravenously injected with [\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]FDG.\n                      <jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      tissue biodistribution was assessed by gamma counting, while\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      tissue biodistribution was analyzed by VOI analysis of PET\/CT images. Disease severity was also investigated by VOI measurements of high-resolution lung CT images. Infection and inflammation were confirmed by immunohistochemical staining; while viral replication and expression of inflammatory\u00a0proteins (cytokines and chemokines) were measured in lung tissues by qRT-PCR and multiplex ELISA, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      tissue biodistribution of [\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]FDG revealed that the lungs were the only relevant imaging target in influenza-infected mice. Lung [\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]FDG uptake on PET\/CT images increased with disease severity and exhibited 1.53-fold increase on day 1 and up to 2.63-fold increase on day 6 post-infection compared to pre-infection levels. Lung uptake correlated with the increased production of pro-inflammatory proteins associated with influenza infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lung [\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]FDG uptake on PET images is a non-invasive molecular biomarker of influenza-A virus-induced lung inflammation and disease, effectively distinguishing infected from non-infected lungs as early as day 1 post-infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-025-02051-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T18:48:55Z","timestamp":1762368535000},"page":"930-942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Validation of Lung [18F]FDG Uptake as a Quantitative PET Biomarker for Influenza-Associated Pulmonary Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1161-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Bianca Luena","family":"Victorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shantanu","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Ganasarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Marie","family":"Chacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2051_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04003","volume":"13","author":"J Paget","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paget J, Staadegaard L, Wang X, Li Y, van Pomeren T, van Summeren J et al (2023) Global and national influenza-associated hospitalisation rates: estimates for 40 countries and administrative regions. 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