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Manual segmentation of the metastases was performed on the CT component. The segmented lymph nodes were 3D-printed as patient-specific lymph node phantoms with volumes ranging from 0.18 to 23.7\u00a0ml using a high-resolution 3D printer. These phantoms were filled with Lu-177 and analyzed in a SPECT\/CT system to quantify PVE. An exponential curve fit of the recovery coefficient (RC) versus the surface-area to volume ratio (SA:V) was derived from the spheres of a NEMA ICE body phantom and used to correct for PVE in the lymph node phantoms. This method was compared with other post-reconstruction partial volume corrections (PVC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For a tumor to background ratio (TBR) of 10:1 the RCs varied widely, from 82% to 10.4% depending on phantom size. Using the NEMA IEC body phantom, an exponential correlation was established between SA:V and RC, with R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      values exceeding 0.97 across measurements at four different TBRs. Using this curve for PVE correction, the RCs of the lymph node phantoms had an average deviation from the ground truth of 1.15\u2009\u00b1\u200910.15% (average\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard error of the mean). This method had a higher accuracy than the other PVCs studied.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The low RCs obtained for lymph node metastases suggest that Lu-177-dosimetry is in these structures grossly inaccurate without PVE correction. Applying the SA:V\/RC curve established using the NEMA IEC body phantom for this purpose reduces PVE-related errors considerably.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-026-02103-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T14:53:40Z","timestamp":1777474420000},"page":"470-480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Estimation and Correction of the Partial Volume Effect Using Personalized Phantoms of Lymph Node Metastases in Lutetium 177 SPECT\/CT Dosimetry"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"J. 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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Formal consent was not required for this retrospective study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of pseudonymized data. No identifying information of individual participants is included in this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Manuscript Title: Estimation and correction of the partial volume effect using personalized phantoms of lymph node metastases in Lutetium-177 SPECT\/CT dosimetry.PD Dr. P. Ritt is currently employed by ITM Isotope Technologies Munich SE. His contribution to this study was conducted independently of his current employment.The Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, has an ongoing research collaboration with Siemens Healthineers in the field of SPECT\/CT imaging and 3D-printed phantoms; however, this collaboration is unrelated to the findings of the present study.All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this manuscript.This disclosure is submitted in accordance with the ICMJE guidelines.Erlangen, July 21, 2025.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure"}}]}}