{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:54:29Z","timestamp":1761630869200,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"Resmed, Martinsried, Germany","award":["n.a."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.a."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sleep Breath"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-019-01868-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T13:34:56Z","timestamp":1561469696000},"page":"211-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["APAP therapy does not improve impaired sleep quality and sympatho-vagal balance: a randomized trial in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and systolic heart failure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8205-1749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Spiesshoefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Aries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Giannoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Emdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Boentert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bitter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Oldenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1868_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.11.1509","volume":"30","author":"I Szollosi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Szollosi I, Krum H, Kaye D, Naughton MT (2007) Sleep apnea in heart failure increases heart rate variability and sympathetic dominance. Sleep. 30:1509\u20131514","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"1868_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.4.1119","volume":"123","author":"P Solin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Solin P, Kaye DM, Little PJ, Bergin P, Richardson M, Naughton MT (2003) Impact of sleep apnea on sympathetic nervous system activity in heart failure. Chest. 123:1119\u20131126. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.123.4.1119","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"1868_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12012","volume":"39","author":"K Zhu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhu K, Chemla D, Roisman G, Mao W, Bazizi S, Lefevre A, Escourrou P (2012) Overnight heart rate variability in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: a time and frequency domain study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 39:901\u2013908. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1440-1681.12012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"1868_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu036","volume":"27","author":"D Linz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Linz D, Mahfoud F, Linz B, Hohl M, Schirmer SH, Wirth KJ, B\u00f6hm M (2014) Effect of obstructive respiratory events on blood pressure and renal perfusion in a pig model for sleep apnea. Am J Hypertens 27:1293\u20131300. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpu036","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"1868_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2009.00106.x","volume":"15","author":"PJ Mills","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mills PJ, Dimsdale JE, Natarajan L, Ziegler MG, Maisel A, Greenberg BH (2009) Sleep and health-related quality of life in heart failure. Congest Hear Fail 15:228\u2013233. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2009.00106.x","journal-title":"Congest Hear Fail"},{"key":"1868_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606599","volume":"375","author":"R McEvoy","year":"2016","unstructured":"McEvoy R, Antic N, Heeley E, Luo Y, Ou Q, Zhang X, Mediano O, Chen R, Liu Z, Chen G, Du B, Mukherjee S, Tripathi M, Billot L, Li Q, Lorenzi-Filho G, Barbe F, Redline S, Wang S, Arima H, Neal B, White D, Grunstein R, Zhong N, Anderson C (2016) CPAP for prevention of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 375:919\u2013931. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1606599","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1868_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-011-0571-4","volume":"16","author":"O Oldenburg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oldenburg O, Bartsch S, Bitter T, Schmalgemeier H, Fischbach T, Westerheide N, Horstkotte D (2012) Hypotensive effects of positive airway pressure ventilation in heart failure patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Breath 16:753\u2013757. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-011-0571-4","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"1868_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-015-0717-6","volume":"31","author":"J Spie\u00dfh\u00f6fer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spie\u00dfh\u00f6fer J, Fox H, Lehmann R, Efken C, Heinrich J, Bitter T, K\u00f6rber B, Horstkotte D, Oldenburg O (2016) Heterogenous haemodynamic effects of adaptive servoventilation therapy in sleeping patients with heart failure and Cheyne\u2013Stokes respiration compared to healthy volunteers. Heart Vessel 31:1117\u20131130. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00380-015-0717-6","journal-title":"Heart Vessel"},{"key":"1868_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-015-0297-7","volume":"25","author":"J Palma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palma J, Iriarte J, Fernandez S, Alegre M (2015) Long-term continuous positive airway pressure therapy improves cardiac autonomic tone during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Auton Res 25:225\u2013232. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-015-0297-7","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"1868_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33769","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033769","volume":"7","author":"E Kufoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kufoy E, Palma J, Lopez J, Alegre M, Urrestarazu E, Iriarte J (2012) Changes in the heart rate variability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and its response to acute CPAP treatment. PLoS One 7:e33769. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0033769","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1868_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-010-9237-4","volume":"188","author":"L Karasulu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karasulu L, Ep\u00f6zt\u00fcrk PO, S\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fc SN, Dalar L, Altin S (2010) Improving heart rate variability in sleep apnea patients: differences in treatment with auto-titrating positive airway pressure (APAP) versus conventional CPAP. Lung. 188:315\u2013320. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00408-010-9237-4","journal-title":"Lung."},{"key":"1868_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12845","volume":"18","author":"MF Pengo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pengo MF, Ratneswaran C, Berry M, Kent BD, Kohler M, Rossi GP, Steier J (2016) Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure variability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Hypertens 18:1180\u20131184. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jch.12845","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"1868_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12662","volume":"43","author":"KV Terziyski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Terziyski KV, Draganova AI, Taralov ZZ, Ilchev IS, Kostianev SS (2016) The effect of continuous positive airway pressure on heart rate variability during the night in patients with chronic heart failure and central sleep apnoea. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 43:1185\u20131190. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1440-1681.12662","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"1868_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.11.004","volume":"236","author":"F Quadri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Quadri F, Boni E, Pini L, Bottone D, Venturoli N, Corda L, Tantucci C (2017) Exercise tolerance in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea (OSAH), before and after CPAP treatment: effects of autonomic dysfunction improvement. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 236:51\u201356. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2016.11.004","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1868_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015116","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2711282","volume":"17","author":"T Penzel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Penzel T, Wessel N, Riedl M, Kantelhardt JW, Rostig S, Glos M, Suhrbier A, Malberg H, Fietze I (2007) Cardiovascular and respiratory dynamics during normal and pathological sleep. Chaos. 17:015116. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.2711282","journal-title":"Chaos."},{"key":"1868_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818-017-0124-6","volume":"21","author":"O Oldenburg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oldenburg O, Fox H, Wellmann B, Thiem U, Horstkotte D, Bitter T (2017) Automatic positive airway pressure for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in heart failure: design, rationale, and insights from the APAP randomized controlled trial. Somnologie. 21:273\u2013280. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11818-017-0124-6","journal-title":"Somnologie."},{"key":"1868_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx391","volume":"38","author":"H Baumgartner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, de Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, Iung B, Lancellotti P, Lansac E, Rodriguez Mu\u00f1oz D, Rosenhek R, Sj\u00f6gren J, Tornos Mas P, Vahanian A, Walther T, Wendler O, Windecker S, Zamorano JL, ESC Scientific Document Group, Roffi M, Alfieri O, Agewall S, Ahlsson A, Barbato E, Bueno H, Collet JP, Coman IM, Czerny M, Delgado V, Fitzsimons D, Folliguet T, Gaemperli O, Habib G, Harringer W, Haude M, Hindricks G, Katus HA, Knuuti J, Kolh P, Leclercq C, McDonagh TA, Piepoli MF, Pierard LA, Ponikowski P, Rosano GMC, Ruschitzka F, Shlyakhto E, Simpson IA, Sousa-Uva M, Stepinska J, Tarantini G, Tch\u00e9tch\u00e9 D, Aboyans V, Windecker S, Aboyans V, Agewall S, Barbato E, Bueno H, Coca A, Collet JP, Coman IM, Dean V, Delgado V, Fitzsimons D, Gaemperli O, Hindricks G, Iung B, J\u00fcni P, Katus HA, Knuuti J, Lancellotti P, Leclercq C, McDonagh T, Piepoli MF, Ponikowski P, Richter DJ, Roffi M, Shlyakhto E, Simpson IA, Zamorano JL, Kzhdryan HK, Mascherbauer J, Samadov F, Shumavets V, Camp GV, Lon\u010dar D, Lovric D, Georgiou GM, Linhartova K, Ihlemann N, Abdelhamid M, Pern T, Turpeinen A, Srbinovska-Kostovska E, Cohen A, Bakhutashvili Z, Ince H, Vavuranakis M, Temesv\u00e1ri A, Gudnason T, Mylotte D, Kuperstein R, Indolfi C, Pya Y, Bajraktari G, Kerimkulova A, Rudzitis A, Mizariene V, Lebrun F, Demarco DC, Oukerraj L, Bouma BJ, Steigen TK, Komar M, de Moura Branco LM, Popescu BA, Uspenskiy V, Foscoli M, Jovovic L, Simkova I, Bunc M, de Prada JAV, Stagmo M, Kaufmann BA, Mahdhaoui A, Bozkurt E, Nesukay E, Brecker SJD (2017) 2017 ESC\/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 38:2739\u20132786","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1868_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.10.003","volume":"28","author":"RM Lang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-avi V et al (2015) Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 28:1\u201339","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"1868_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172","volume":"8","author":"RB Berry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berry RB, Budhiraja R, Gottlieb DJ, Gozal D, Iber C, Kapur VK, Marcus CL, Mehra R, Parthasarathy S, Quan SF, Redline S, Strohl KP, Ward SLD, Tangredi MM (2012) Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. J Clin Sleep Med 8:597\u2013619. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.2172","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1868_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6782","volume":"38","author":"JM Karemaker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karemaker JM (2017) An introduction into autonomic nervous function. Physiol Meas 38:R89\u2013R118. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6782","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"1868_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868","volume":"17","author":"M Malik","year":"1996","unstructured":"Malik M, Bigger JT, Camm AJ, Kleiger RE, Malliani A, Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ (1996) Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Eur Heart J 17:354\u2013381. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1868_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2017.07.003","volume":"12","author":"N Freedman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Freedman N (2017) Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: choosing the best positive airway pressure device. Sleep Med Clin 12:529\u2013542. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsmc.2017.07.003","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"1868_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.683482","volume":"115","author":"M Arzt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arzt M, Floras JS, Logan AG, Kimoff RJ, Series F, Morrison D, Ferguson K, Belenkie I, Pfeifer M, Fleetham J, Hanly P, Smilovitch M, Ryan C, Tomlinson G, Bradley TD (2007) Suppression of central sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure and transplant-free survival in heart failure: a post hoc analysis of the Canadian Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Patients with Central Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure Trial. Circulation. 115:3173\u20133180. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.683482","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"1868_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04199","volume":"60","author":"M-C Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang M-C, Huang Y-C, Lan C-C, Wu Y-K, Huang K-F (2015) Beneficial effects of long-term CPAP treatment on sleep quality and blood pressure in adherent subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. Respir Care 60:1810\u20131818. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.04199","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"1868_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.11.009","volume":"25","author":"V Patruno","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patruno V, Tobaldini E, Bianchi AM, Mendez MO, Coletti O, Costantino G, Montano N (2014) Acute effects of autoadjusting and fixed continuous positive airway pressure treatments on cardiorespiratory coupling in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Eur J Intern Med 25:164\u2013168. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.11.009","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"1868_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61622-0","volume":"373","author":"TD Bradley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bradley TD, Floras JS (2009) Obstructive sleep apnoea and its cardiovascular consequences. Lancet. 373:82\u201393. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61622-0","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"1868_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5552.640-a","volume":"2","author":"CK Connoluy","year":"1967","unstructured":"Connoluy CK, Wills MR (1967) Cortisol circadian rhythm. Br Med J 2:640. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.2.5552.640-a","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"1868_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.2.238","volume":"103","author":"R Tkacova","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tkacova R, Niroumand M, Lorenzi-Filho G, Bradley TD (2001) Overnight shift from obstructive to central apneas in patients with heart failure: role of pCO2 and circulatory delay. Circulation. 103:238\u2013243. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.103.2.238","journal-title":"Circulation."}],"container-title":["Sleep and Breathing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-019-01868-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11325-019-01868-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-019-01868-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T23:26:12Z","timestamp":1592954772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11325-019-01868-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-019-01868-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-9512","1522-1709"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1520-9512"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1522-1709"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The trial is registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (German Clinical Trials Register; DRKS00000446) and has the ethics committee registration number 13\/2013 with the approval date of November 10, 2008 (Ethikkommission der Medizinischen Fakult\u00e4t der Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Sitz Bad Oeynhausen). All patients were given information about the design and nature of the study by a cardiologist with expertise in sleep medicine and provided informed consent prior to randomization in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, preparation of the manuscript, or the submission process.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}},{"value":"JS is supported by the Else-Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius Stiftung (Grant SP\u00a0A109) and by Kommission f\u00fcr Innovative Medizinische Forschung an der Medizinischen Fakult\u00e4t M\u00fcnster (IMF Grant SP 11 18 15) and by Deutsche Herzstiftung for basic respiratory and ventilation physiology work related to heart failure and pulmonary hypertension (Grant SP DHS S\/01\/19)\u00a0outside this work. MB is supported by Sanofi Genzyme and L\u00f6wenstein Medical outside this work. OO and TB have been supported by ResMed Germany (Martinsried, Germany) for conductance of this randomized controlled trial. All other authors declare that they have no relevant conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All patients were given information about the design and nature of the study by a cardiologist with expertise in sleep medicine, and provided informed consent prior to randomization in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}