{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T18:11:54Z","timestamp":1773425514954,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sleep Breath"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is complex and may vary between different races. It has been suggested that the anatomical balance between skeletal tissues and soft tissues around the upper airway is a key pathophysiologic factor of OSA. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the anatomical balance of the upper airway between Dutch and Chinese patients with OSA based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study performed in two centers and included Dutch and Chinese adults with OSA. CBCT scans in the supine position were obtained for both Dutch and Chinese OSA groups. The primary outcome variable was the anatomical balance of the upper airway, defined as the ratio of the tongue area and the maxillomandibular enclosure area.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 28 Dutch adults (mean\u00a0age\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD\u00a0of 46.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.1 years, body mass index [BMI] of 26.8\u00a0\u00b1 3.5 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, and apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] of 15.7\u00a0\u00b1 7.1 events\/h) and 24 Chinese adults (age\u00a041.0 \u00b1\u00a012.4 years, BMI 26.5 \u00b1\u00a03.3 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, and AHI 16.5 \u00b1 7.8 events\/h).\u00a0There were no significant differences in AHI, age, BMI, and sex between the two groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.14\u20130.76). The Dutch group had a significantly larger tongue area and tongue length compared to the Chinese group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). On the other hand, the Chinese group had a smaller maxilla length compared to the Dutch group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). However, the anatomical balance of the upper airway of both groups was not significantly different (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.16).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Within the limitations of this study, no significant difference was found in the anatomical balance of the upper airway between Dutch and Chinese patients with mild to moderate OSA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present study was registered at the <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> identifier NCT03463785.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-023-02834-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T14:03:20Z","timestamp":1682345000000},"page":"2223-2230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of the upper airway morphology between Dutch and Chinese adults with obstructive sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Lobbezoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"de Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"van der Stelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erwin","family":"Berkhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaohua","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoju","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanzhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghizlane","family":"Aarab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2834_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/22.5.667","volume":"22","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force","year":"1999","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force (1999) Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. 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Hui Chen declares that she has no conflicts of interest. Frank Lobbezoo is a member of the Academic Advisory Boards for GrindCare and Oral Function of Sunstar Suisse S.A. and receives research grants from Sunstar Suisse S.A., SomnoMed, Vivisol BV, Health Holland, and Airway Management. Jan de Lange declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Paul van der Stelt declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Erwin Berkhout declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Jing Guo declares that she has no conflicts of interest. Shaohua Ge declares that she has no conflicts of interest. Guoju Li declares that she has no conflicts of interest. Yanzhong Li declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Ghizlane Aarab is a member of the Academic Advisory Board for Oral Function of Sunstar Suisse S.A. and receives research grants from Sunstar Suisse S.A., SomnoMed, Vivisol BV, and Health Holland.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}