{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T06:20:21Z","timestamp":1790058021617,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 113-2410-H-003-006-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 113-2410-H-003-006-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010002","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ministry of Education"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ministry of Education"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sleep Breath"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-024-03111-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T15:10:19Z","timestamp":1721833819000},"page":"2247-2254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Is the Epworth Sleepiness scale a valid outcome measure to evaluate the effectiveness of positive airway pressure treatments on daytime sleepiness? Psychometric insights from measurement invariance and response shifts"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Po-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Heng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Ning","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzi-Yang","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3111_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","volume":"14","author":"MW Johns","year":"1991","unstructured":"Johns MW (1991) A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep 14(6):540\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3111_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911996","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.911996","volume":"13","author":"Z Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Z, Cai S, Wang J, Chen R (2022) Predictors of the efficacy for daytime sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea with continual positive airway pressure therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Neurol 13:911996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.911996","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3111_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.3.490","volume":"27","author":"K Chin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chin K, Fukuhara S, Takahashi K, Sumi K, Nakamura T, Matsumoto H, Niimi A, Hattori N, Mishima M, Nakamura T (2004) Response shift in perception of sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome before and after treatment with nasal CPAP. Sleep 27(3):490\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/27.3.490","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"3111_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1997.00272.x","volume":"6","author":"HM Engleman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Engleman HM, Hirst WSJ, Douglas NJ (1997) Under reporting of sleepiness and driving impairment in patients with sleep apnoea\/hypopnoea syndrome. J Sleep Res 6(4):272\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1997.00272.x","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3111_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rppnen.2012.06.005","volume":"18","author":"C Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es C, Martins MV, Rodrigues LV, Teixeira F, dos Santos JM (2012) Epworth Sleepiness Scale in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome\u2013an underestimated subjective scale. Rev Port Pneumol (English Edition) 18(6):267\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rppnen.2012.06.005","journal-title":"Rev Port Pneumol (English Edition)"},{"key":"3111_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8425.2007.00258.x","volume":"5","author":"M Inoue","year":"2007","unstructured":"Inoue M, Kasai T, Kawana F, Narui K (2007) Response shift of subjective sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Sleep Biol Rhythms 5:95\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1479-8425.2007.00258.x","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"3111_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/681952","volume":"21","author":"G Leclerc","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leclerc G, Lacasse Y, Page D, S\u00e9ri\u00e8s F (2014) Do obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients underestimate their daytime symptoms before continuous positive airway pressure treatment? Can Respir J 21:216\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/681952","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"issue":"11","key":"3111_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00045-3","volume":"48","author":"MAG Sprangers","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sprangers MAG, Schwartz CE (1999) Integrating response shift into health-related quality of life research: a theoretical model. Soc Sci Med 48(11):1507\u20131515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00045-3","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3111_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1177\/01466216211013102","volume":"45","author":"J Soland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soland J (2021) Is measurement noninvariance a threat to inferences drawn from randomized control trials? Evidence from empirical and simulation studies. Appl Psychol Meas 45(5):346\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01466216211013102","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"key":"3111_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-017-1751-x","volume":"27","author":"TT Sajobi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sajobi TT, Brahmbatt R, Lix LM, Zumbo BD, Sawatzky R (2018) Scoping review of response shift methods: current reporting practices and recommendations. Qual Life Res 27:1133\u20131146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-017-1751-x","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"3111_CR11","unstructured":"Verdam MGE, Oort FJ, Visser MRM, Sprangers MAG (2012) Response shift detection through then-test and structural equation modeling: decomposing observed change and testing tacit assumptions. Neth J Psychol 67(3):58\u201367. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Mathilde-Verdam\/publication\/237850522_Response_shift_detection_through_then-test_and_structural_equation_modeling_Decomposing_observed_change_and_testing_tacit_assumptions\/links\/544645810cf22b3c14de1811\/Response-shift-detection-through-then-test-and-structural-equation-modeling-Decomposing-observed-change-and-testing-tacit-assumptions.pdf?origin=journalDetail&_tp=eyJwYWdlIjoiam91cm5hbERldGFpbCJ9"},{"key":"3111_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-004-0830-y","volume":"14","author":"FJ Oort","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oort FJ (2005) Using structural equation modeling to detect response shifts and true change. Qual Life Res 14:587\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-004-0830-y","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3111_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031669","volume":"25","author":"M Fokkema","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fokkema M, Smits N, Kelderman H, Cuijpers P (2013) Response shifts in mental health interventions: an illustration of longitudinal measurement invariance. Psychol Assess 25(2):520\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031669","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"3111_CR14","unstructured":"Little TD (2013) Longitudinal structural equation modeling. Guilford"},{"issue":"11","key":"3111_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.03.003","volume":"58","author":"S Ahmed","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ahmed S, Mayo NE, Wood-Dauphinee S, Hanley JA, Cohen SR (2005) The structural equation modeling technique did not show a response shift, contrary to the results of the then-test and the individualized approaches. J Clin Epidemiol 58(11):1125\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.03.003","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3111_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X14546932","volume":"38","author":"V Piwowar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Piwowar V, Thiel F (2014) Evaluating response shift in training evaluation: comparing the retrospective pretest with an adapted measurement invariance approach in a classroom management training program. Eval Rev 38(5):420\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193841X14546932","journal-title":"Eval Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"3111_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901526","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01526-2019","volume":"55","author":"T Gaisl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gaisl T, Rejmer P, Thiel S, Haile SR, Osswald M, Roos M, Bloch KE, Stradling JR, Kohler M (2020) Effects of suboptimal adherence of CPAP therapy on symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Eur Respir J 55(3):1901526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01526-2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"3111_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02237-4","volume":"25","author":"K Venkatnarayan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Venkatnarayan K, Devaraj U, Veluthat C, Louis V, Ramachandran P, D\u2019Souza G, Krishnaswamy UM (2021) The effect of CPAP therapy on excessive daytime sleepiness and quality of life in subjects with obstructive sleep apnoea: an AB design study. Sleep Breath 25:1351\u20131357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-020-02237-4","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"164","key":"3111_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210230","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0230-2021","volume":"31","author":"S Craig","year":"2022","unstructured":"Craig S, P\u00e9pin JL, Randerath W, Causs\u00e9 C, Verbraecken J, Asin J, Barb\u00e9 F, Bonsignore MR (2022) Investigation and management of residual sleepiness in CPAP-treated patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: the European view. Eur Respir Rev 31(164):210230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0230-2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"3111_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_337_22","volume":"40","author":"L Ogunyemi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ogunyemi L, Nafisa S, Stacey T, Sovani M (2023) Combining four screening tools for cost-effective screening of OSA in train drivers: a UK experience. Lung India 40(2):102\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_337_22","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"issue":"10","key":"3111_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocy064","volume":"25","author":"GQ Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang GQ, Cui L, Mueller R, Tao S, Kim M, Rueschman M, Mariani S, Mobley D, Redline S (2018) The National Sleep Research Resource: towards a sleep data commons. J Am Med Inf Assoc 25(10):1351\u20131358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocy064","journal-title":"J Am Med Inf Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3111_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.3.303","volume":"34","author":"SF Quan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quan SF, Chan CS, Dement WC, Gevins A, Goodwin JL, Gottlieb DJ, Green S, Guilleminault C, Hirshkowitz M, Hyde PR, Kay GG, Leary EB, Nichols DA, Schweitzer PK, Simon RD, Walsh JK, Kushida CA (2011) The association between obstructive sleep apnea and neurocognitive performance\u2014the apnea positive pressure long-term efficacy study (APPLES). Sleep 34(3):303\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/34.3.303","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"12","key":"3111_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4266","volume":"37","author":"K Gleason","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gleason K, Shin D, Rueschman M, Weinstock T, Wang R, Ware JH, Mittleman MA, Redline S (2014) Challenges in recruitment to a randomized controlled study of cardiovascular disease reduction in sleep apnea: an analysis of alternative strategies. Sleep 37(12):2035\u20132038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5665\/sleep.4266","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"8","key":"3111_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7258","volume":"14","author":"BR Lapin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lapin BR, Bena JF, Walia HK, Moul DE (2018) The Epworth Sleepiness Scale: validation of one-dimensional factor structure in a large clinical sample. J Clin Sleep Med 14(8):1293\u20131301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.7258","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3111_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2013.08.002","volume":"18","author":"TB Kendzerska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kendzerska TB, Smith PM, Brignardello-Petersen R, Leung RS, Tomlinson GA (2014) Evaluation of the measurement properties of the Epworth sleepiness scale: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 18(4):321\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2013.08.002","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"3111_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel Y (2012) Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw 48(2):1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"3111_CR27","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO (1998\u20132017) Mplus User\u2019s Guide, eighth edn. Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n, Los Angeles, CA"},{"issue":"2","key":"3111_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","volume":"9","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cheung GW, Rensvold RB (2002) Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model 9(2):233\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"4","key":"3111_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2021.1876520","volume":"28","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y, Sriutaisuk S (2021) A comparison of FIML-versus multiple-imputation-based methods to test measurement invariance with incomplete ordinal variables. Struct Equ Model 28(4):590\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2021.1876520","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"4","key":"3111_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.47.4.738","volume":"47","author":"M Conway","year":"1984","unstructured":"Conway M, Ross M (1984) Getting what you want by revising what you had. J Pers Soc Psychol 47(4):738\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.47.4.738","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"}],"container-title":["Sleep and Breathing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-024-03111-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11325-024-03111-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-024-03111-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T12:14:36Z","timestamp":1727957676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11325-024-03111-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["3111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-024-03111-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-9512","1522-1709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-9512","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Participants provided informed consent to enroll in the APPLES and BestAIR studies. All their data were de-identified using the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Safe Harbor method before being uploaded to the NSRR. Only data from participants who consented to sharing their data could be included. The NSRR infrastructure used end-to-end SSL encryption. The NSRR servers, database, and files were stored in the physically secure Mass General Brigham Research Computing data center. Our analyses were approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the National Taiwan Normal University (REC number 202209HS013 & 202307HM010) and were performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}