{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:52:57Z","timestamp":1790455977684,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Science and Technology Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["A2023408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2023408"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515010686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022A1515010686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sleep Breath"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-025-03266-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T16:41:19Z","timestamp":1739292079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of electrocardiogram features with risk of obstructed sleep apnea: a population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Chuchu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanjiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2911-4899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xudong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"3266_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23079","volume":"13","author":"JL Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang JL, Goldberg AN, Alt JA, Mohammed A, Ashbrook L, Auckley D et al (2023) International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 13(7):1061\u20131482","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3266_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-017-0006-y","volume":"32","author":"SD West","year":"2018","unstructured":"West SD, Turnbull C (2018) Obstructive sleep apnoea. Eye (Lond) 32(5):889\u2013903","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"3266_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9704785","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9704785","volume":"2019","author":"S Shankar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shankar S, Gupta SS, Rojas-Marte G, Demir S, Saxena A, Obiagwu C et al (2019) Electrocardiographic associations seen with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Disord 2019:9704785","journal-title":"Sleep Disord"},{"key":"3266_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbanik D, Ga\u0107 P, Martynowicz H, Podg\u00f3rski M, Por\u0119ba M, Mazur G et al (2021) Obstructive sleep apnea as a predictor of Arrhythmias in 24-h ECG Holter Monitoring. Brain Sci.;11(4)","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11040486"},{"issue":"4","key":"3266_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13274","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13274","volume":"30","author":"S Ucak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ucak S, Dissanayake HU, Sutherland K, de Chazal P, Cistulli PA (2021) Heart rate variability and obstructive sleep apnea: current perspectives and novel technologies. J Sleep Res 30(4):e13274","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"3266_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.06.026","volume":"37","author":"M Viigimae","year":"2017","unstructured":"Viigimae M, Karai D, Pilt K, Pirn P, Huhtala H, Polo O et al (2017) QT interval variability index and QT interval duration during different sleep stages in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med 37:160\u2013167","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3266_CR7","first-page":"e926954","volume":"26","author":"H Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi H, Jiang X (2020) Correlation between QTc prolongation and obstructive sleep apnea in patients with type 2 diabetes Mellitus. Med Sci Monitor: Int Med J Experimental Clin Res 26:e926954","journal-title":"Med Sci Monitor: Int Med J Experimental Clin Res"},{"key":"3266_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029836","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3029836","volume":"2020","author":"M Walker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walker M, Blackwell JN, Stafford P, Patel P, Mazimba S, Mehta N et al (2020) Daytime QT by routine 12-Lead ECG is prolonged in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Disord 2020:3029836","journal-title":"Sleep Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"3266_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.4.346","volume":"14","author":"AM Gillis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gillis AM, Stoohs R, Guilleminault C (1991) Changes in the QT interval during obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 14(4):346\u2013350","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"3266_CR10","first-page":"649","volume":"8","author":"S Gupta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gupta S, Cepeda-Valery B, Romero-Corral A, Shamsuzzaman A, Somers VK, Pressman GS (2012) Association between QRS duration and obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Medicine: JCSM: Official Publication Am Acad Sleep Med 8(6):649\u2013654","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Medicine: JCSM: Official Publication Am Acad Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3266_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5578\/khj.10913","volume":"19","author":"H Karamanl\u0131","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karamanl\u0131 H, Ayg\u00fcn F, Akgedi\u0307k R (2016) Relationship between severity of obstructive sleep apnea and PR interval % %D %V 19%N 1%P 27\u201331%R. J Ko\u015fuyolu Heart J 19(1):27\u201331","journal-title":"J Ko\u015fuyolu Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"3266_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.64517","volume":"31","author":"Q Xin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xin Q, Ai H, Gong W, Zheng W, Wang X, Yan Y et al (2024) The Long-Term Prognostic Role of Nighttime resting heart rate in obstructive sleep apnea in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Atheroscler Thromb 31(5):603\u2013615","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"issue":"1","key":"3266_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35928-w","volume":"8","author":"H Deng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deng H, Guo P, Zheng M, Huang J, Xue Y, Zhan X et al (2018) Epidemiological Characteristics of Atrial Fibrillation in Southern China: results from the Guangzhou Heart Study. Sci Rep 8(1):17829","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3266_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01818-7","volume":"22","author":"X Duan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duan X, Huang J, Zheng M, Zhao W, Lao L, Li H et al (2022) Association of healthy lifestyle with risk of obstructive sleep apnea: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med 22(1):33","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"3266_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919306","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.919306","volume":"10","author":"P Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu P, Zheng M, Huang J, Zhao W, Wang HHX, Zhang X et al (2022) Association of Habitual Physical Activity with the risk of all-cause mortality among Chinese adults: a prospective cohort study. Front Public Health 10:919306","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"3266_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-021-02318-y","volume":"25","author":"X Duan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duan X, Zheng M, He S, Lao L, Huang J, Zhao W et al (2021) Association between physical activity and risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 25(4):1925\u20131934 2021\/12\/01","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"7","key":"3266_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-131-7-199910050-00002","volume":"131","author":"NC Netzer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Netzer NC, Stoohs RA, Netzer CM, Clark K, Strohl KP (1999) Using the Berlin Questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome. Ann Intern Med 131(7):485\u2013491","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3266_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-013-0889-1","volume":"18","author":"SC Ha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ha SC, Lee DL, Abdullah VJ, van Hasselt CA (2014) Evaluation and validation of four translated Chinese questionnaires for obstructive sleep apnea patients in Hong Kong. Sleep Breath = Schlaf Atmung 18(4):715\u2013721","journal-title":"Sleep Breath = Schlaf Atmung"},{"key":"3266_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.10.004","volume":"36","author":"HY Chiu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chiu HY, Chen PY, Chuang LP, Chen NH, Tu YK, Hsieh YJ et al (2017) Diagnostic accuracy of the Berlin questionnaire, STOP-BANG, STOP, and Epworth sleepiness scale in detecting obstructive sleep apnea: a bivariate meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 36:57\u201370","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"3266_CR20","unstructured":"Chinese Association of Geriatric Sleep Medicine CGS (2022) Chinese Consensus on Diagnosis and Assessment of Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Older Adults 1283-93"},{"issue":"3","key":"3266_CR21","first-page":"427","volume":"13","author":"A Tan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tan A, Yin JD, Tan LW, van Dam RM, Cheung YY, Lee CH (2017) Using the Berlin Questionnaire to Predict Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the General Population. J Clin Sleep Medicine: JCSM: Official Publication Am Acad Sleep Med 13(3):427\u2013432","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Medicine: JCSM: Official Publication Am Acad Sleep Med"},{"key":"3266_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chouakri SA, Bereksi-Reguig F, Taleb-Ahmed A QRS complex detection based on multi wavelet packet decomposition. Appl Math Comput. 2011 2011\/08\/01\/;217(23):9508\u20139525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2011.03.001"},{"key":"3266_CR23","unstructured":"Hamilton P (ed) (2002) Open source ECG analysis. Computers in Cardiology; 22\u201325 Sept. 2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"3266_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-021-02318-y","volume":"25","author":"X Duan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duan X, Zheng M, He S, Lao L, Huang J, Zhao W et al (2021) Association between physical activity and risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath = Schlaf Atmung 25(4):1925\u20131934","journal-title":"Sleep Breath = Schlaf Atmung"},{"issue":"10","key":"3266_CR25","first-page":"833","volume":"44","author":"Joint committee issued Chinese guideline for the management of dyslipidemia in adults","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joint committee issued Chinese guideline for the management of dyslipidemia in adults (2016) [2016 Chinese guideline for the management of dyslipidemia in adults]. Zhonghua Xin xue guan bing za zhi 44(10):833\u2013853","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xin xue guan bing za zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"3266_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2337\/cd22-as01","volume":"40","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2022","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2022) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022 abridged for primary care providers. Clin Diabetes: Publication Am Diabetes Association 40(1):10\u201338","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes: Publication Am Diabetes Association"},{"issue":"17","key":"3266_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.17.2230","volume":"289","author":"PV Tishler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tishler PV, Larkin EK, Schluchter MD, Redline S (2003) Incidence of sleep-disordered breathing in an urban adult population: the relative importance of risk factors in the development of sleep-disordered breathing. JAMA 289(17):2230\u20132237","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"3266_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12639","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12639","volume":"24","author":"PS Corotto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Corotto PS, Kang H, Massaro B, Harding WC, Shah NR, Gadi S et al (2019) Obstructive sleep apnea and electrocardiographic P-wave morphology. Annals Noninvasive Electrocardiology: Official J Int Soc Holter Noninvasive Electrocardiol Inc 24(4):e12639","journal-title":"Annals Noninvasive Electrocardiology: Official J Int Soc Holter Noninvasive Electrocardiol Inc"},{"key":"3266_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.02.005","volume":"103","author":"SI Patel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patel SI, Zareba W, Wendel C, Perez K, Patel I, Quan SF et al (2023) A QTc risk score in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med 103:159\u2013164","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3266_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.21209","volume":"75","author":"FS Nahm","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nahm FS (2022) Receiver operating characteristic curve: overview and practical use for clinicians. Korean J Anesthesiol 75(1):25\u201336","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"3266_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016871","volume":"9","author":"S Pamidi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pamidi S, Chapotot F, Wroblewski K, Whitmore H, Polonsky T, Tasali E (2020) Optimal continuous positive airway pressure treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea reduces daytime resting heart rate in Prediabetes: a randomized controlled study. J Am Heart Association 9(19):1 [Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N I H, Extramural Research Support, Non-U S Gov\u2019t]","journal-title":"J Am Heart Association"},{"key":"3266_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathinarupothi RK, Vinaykumar R, Rangan E, Gopalakrishnan E, Soman KP (eds) (2017) Instantaneous heart rate as a robust feature for sleep apnea severity detection using deep learning. IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical & Health Informatics (BHI); 2017 16\u201319 Feb. 2017","DOI":"10.1109\/BHI.2017.7897263"},{"key":"3266_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewan NA, Nieto FJ, Somers VK (2015) Intermittent hypoxemia and OSA: implications for comorbidities. Chest. [Research Support, N I H, Extramural Research Support, Non-U S Gov\u2019t Review]. 147(1):266\u2013274","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0500"},{"issue":"3","key":"3266_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2022.12.009","volume":"4","author":"H Yarmohammadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yarmohammadi H, Wan EY, Biviano A, Garan H, Koehler JL, Stadler RW (2023) Prolonged PR interval and incidence of atrial fibrillation, heart failure admissions, and mortality in patients with implanted cardiac devices: a real-world survey. Heart Rhythm O2 4(3):171\u2013179","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm O2"},{"key":"3266_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward S, Shouldice R, Brien LMO, Brien CO, Redmond S, GozaI D et al (eds) (2004) PP and PR interval variations in pediatric subjects being evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea. Computers in Cardiology. 19\u201322 Sept. 2004","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.2004.1442932"},{"issue":"7","key":"3266_CR36","first-page":"1067","volume":"20","author":"F Salden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salden F, Kutyifa V, Stockburger M, Prinzen FW, Vernooy K (2018) Atrioventricular dromotropathy: evidence for a distinctive entity in heart failure with prolonged PR interval? Europace. [Review] 20(7):1067\u20131077","journal-title":"[Review]"},{"key":"3266_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625524","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.625524","volume":"9","author":"Z Su","year":"2021","unstructured":"Su Z, Liu Y, Zhang H (2021) Adaptive Cardiac Metabolism under Chronic Hypoxia: mechanism and clinical implications. Front Cell Dev Biol 9:625524","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3266_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.12.052","volume":"99","author":"ME Otto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Otto ME, Belohlavek M, Romero-Corral A, Gami AS, Gilman G, Svatikova A et al (2007) Comparison of cardiac structural and functional changes in obese otherwise healthy adults with versus without obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Cardiol 99(9):1298\u20131302","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3266_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03043.x","volume":"23","author":"SG Carruthers","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carruthers SG, McCall B, Cordell BA, Wu R (1987) Relationships between heart rate and PR interval during physiological and pharmacological interventions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 23(3):259\u2013265","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"3266_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soliman EZ, Rautaharju PM Heart rate adjustment of PR interval in middle-aged and older adults. J Electrocardiol 2012 Jan-Feb;45(1):66\u201369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2011.06.003"},{"key":"3266_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108777","volume":"178","author":"A Talukder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Talukder A, Li Y, Yeung D, Shi M, Umbach DM, Fan Z et al (2024) OSApredictor: a tool for prediction of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea using readily available patient characteristics. Comput Biol Med 178:108777","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3266_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-3078","volume":"13","author":"M Lao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lao M, Ou Q, Li C, Wang Q, Yuan P, Cheng Y (2021) The predictive value of Holter monitoring in the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. J Thorac Dis 13(3):1872\u20131881","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"3266_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3514","volume":"323","author":"DJ Gottlieb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gottlieb DJ, Punjabi NM (2020) Diagnosis and management of obstructive sleep apnea: a review. JAMA 323(14):1389\u20131400","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Sleep and Breathing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03266-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03266-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03266-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T10:21:57Z","timestamp":1743157317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03266-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03266-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-9512","1522-1709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-9512","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approval was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee for Biomedical Research, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University. The procedures used in this study adhere to the requirement of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The participants were required to sign a written informed consent form before joining the study. Patients and\/or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participants"}},{"value":"The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"96"}}