{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:57:25Z","timestamp":1793192245852,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mechanistic Study of Butylphthalide Regulating SIRT2-Mediated Autophagy Process and Its Impact on Ischemic Stroke","award":["Grant No. YXSY-2022-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. YXSY-2022-24"]}]},{"name":"Exploring the Interventional Effects of TMS on Depressed Patients and Its Mechanisms","award":["Grant No. 23JC1401803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 23JC1401803"]}]},{"name":"Proteomic and Epitranscriptomic Dynamics of Alzheimer's Disease Explored Based on Model Mice and Clinical Blood Samples","award":["Grant No. 2023WYZD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 2023WYZD02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sleep Breath"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-025-03291-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T06:55:10Z","timestamp":1741935310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Does Obstructive sleep apnea mediate the risk of cognitive impairment by expanding the perivascular space?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Shuan","family":"Ke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianjing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Jung","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Zongen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"3291_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sforza E, Roche F (2012) Sleep apnea syndrome and cognition. Front Neurol 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2012.00087","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00087"},{"key":"3291_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(15)00043-0","volume":"3","author":"R Heinzer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heinzer R, Vat S, Marques-Vidal P, Marti-Soler H, Andries D, Tobback N et al (2015) Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in the general population: the hypnolaus study. Lancet Respiratory Med 3:310\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-2600(15)00043-0","journal-title":"Lancet Respiratory Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3291_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3109\/10641968809075998","volume":"10","author":"VK Somers","year":"1988","unstructured":"Somers VK, Mark AL, Abboud FM (1988) Sympathetic activation by hypoxia and hypercapnia\u2013implications for sleep apnea. Clinical and experimental hypertension part A. Theory Pract 10(Suppl 1):413\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10641968809075998","journal-title":"Theory Pract"},{"key":"3291_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030","volume":"96","author":"C Iadecola","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iadecola C (2017) The neurovascular unit coming of age: A journey through neurovascular coupling in health and disease. Neuron 96:17\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3291_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-017-1562-x","volume":"22","author":"X Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu X, Zhao Y (2017) Sleep-disordered breathing and the risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of 19,940 participants. Sleep Breath 22:165\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-017-1562-x","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"3291_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(13)70124-8","volume":"12","author":"JM Wardlaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, Cordonnier C, Fazekas F, Frayne R et al (2013) Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol 12:822\u2013838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(13)70124-8","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3291_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30500-3","volume":"18","author":"S Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu S, Wu B, Liu M, Chen Z, Wang W, Anderson CS et al (2019) Stroke in China: advances and challenges in epidemiology, prevention, and management. Lancet Neurol 18:394\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30500-3","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3291_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.119.026739","volume":"51","author":"Y Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma Y, Song A, Viswanathan A, Blacker D, Vernooij MW, Hofman A et al (2020) Blood pressure variability and cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke 51:82\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.119.026739","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3291_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101763","volume":"68","author":"G Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee G, Dharmakulaseelan L, Muir RT, Iskander C, Kendzerska T, Boulos MI (2023) Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with markers of cerebral small vessel disease in a dose-response manner: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 68:101763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101763","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"3291_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1309","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000007124","volume":"92","author":"BS Passiak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Passiak BS, Liu D, Kresge HA, Cambronero FE, Pechman KR, Osborn KE et al (2019) Perivascular spaces contribute to cognition beyond other small vessel disease markers. Neurology 92:e1309\u2013e1321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000007124","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3291_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e832","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000006079","volume":"91","author":"S Hilal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hilal S, Tan CS, Adams HHH, Habes M, Mok V, Venketasubramanian N et al (2018) Enlarged perivascular spaces and cognition. Neurology 91:e832\u2013e842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000006079","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3291_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000375153","volume":"39","author":"GM Potter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Potter GM, Chappell FM, Morris Z, Wardlaw JM (2015) Cerebral perivascular spaces visible on magnetic resonance imaging: development of a qualitative rating scale and its observer reliability. Cerebrovasc Dis 39:224\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000375153","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"3291_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.111.000620","volume":"44","author":"HH Hieab","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hieab HH, Adams, Cavalieri M, Benjamin FJ, van Verhaaren BD, Enzinger C et al (2013) Rating method for dilated Virchow\u2013Robin spaces on magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 44:1732\u20131735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.111.000620","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3291_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie L, Wu Q, Hu W, Li W, Xiang G, Hao S et al (2020) Performance of brief ICF-sleep disorders and obesity core set in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Respir Res 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-020-01404-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01404-1"},{"key":"3291_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e743","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny126","volume":"59","author":"GSA Siqueira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Siqueira GSA, Hagemann P, de Coelho MS, de Santos D, Bertolucci FHD (2018) Can MoCA and MMSE be interchangeable cognitive screening tools?? A systematic review. Gerontologist 59:e743\u2013e763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/gny126","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3291_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igad104.1275","volume":"7","author":"B Andersson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andersson B, Luo H (2023) The mini-mental state examination in a Chinese population: reliability, validity, and measurement invariance[J]. Innov Aging 7(Suppl 1):385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geroni\/igad104.1275","journal-title":"Innov Aging"},{"key":"3291_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Julayanont P, Nasreddine ZS Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA): concept and clinical review. Cogn Screen Instruments 2017:139\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-44775-9_7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44775-9_7"},{"key":"3291_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11530-z","volume":"270","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Tian Y, Qin C, Meng L, Feng R, Xu S et al (2023) Impaired glymphatic drainage underlying obstructive sleep apnea is associated with cognitive dysfunction. J Neurol 270:2204\u20132216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-022-11530-z","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"3291_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4944","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000004944","volume":"95","author":"Y-S Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang Y-S, Guilleminault C, Hwang F-M, Cheng C, Lin C-H, Li H-Y et al (2016) Inflammatory cytokines in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Medicine 95:e4944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000004944","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"3291_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu X, Ma Y, Ouyang R, Zeng Z, Zhan Z, Lu H et al The relationship between inflammation and neurocognitive dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Neuroinflamm 2020;17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-020-01905-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01905-2"},{"key":"3291_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.02.005","volume":"44","author":"R Havekes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Havekes R, Abel T (2017) The tired hippocampus: the molecular impact of sleep deprivation on hippocampal function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 44:13\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2017.02.005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"3291_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7384394","volume":"2020","author":"K van Sinderen","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Sinderen K, Schwarte LA, Schober P (2020) Diagnostic criteria of postoperative cognitive dysfunction: A focused systematic review. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2020:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/7384394","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Res Pract"},{"key":"3291_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.021","volume":"35","author":"M Yao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yao M, Zhu Y, A\u00efcha Soumar\u00e9, Dufouil C, Mazoyer B, Christophe Tzourio et al (2014) Hippocampal perivascular spaces are related to aging and blood pressure but not to cognition. Neurobiol Aging 35:2118\u20132125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"3291_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2192","volume":"131","author":"V Patruno","year":"2007","unstructured":"Patruno V, Aiolfi S, Costantino G, Murgia R, Selmi C, Malliani A et al (2007) Fixed and autoadjusting continuous positive airway pressure treatments are not similar in reducing cardiovascular risk factors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. CHEST J 131:1393\u20131399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.06-2192","journal-title":"CHEST J"},{"key":"3291_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211798220918","volume":"17","author":"W Pan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pan W, Stone P, Hsuchou K, Manda HK, Zhang V, Kastin YJ (2011) Cytokine signaling modulates Blood-Brain barrier function. Curr Pharm Design 17:3729\u20133740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138161211798220918","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Design"},{"key":"3291_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117020","volume":"239","author":"X Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo X, Shi Y, Du P, Wang J, Han Y, Sun B et al (2019) HMGB1\/TLR4 promotes apoptosis and reduces autophagy of hippocampal neurons in diabetes combined with OSA. Life Sci 239:117020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"3291_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2014.44.008","volume":"94","author":"L Sun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sun L, Chen R, Wang J, Zhang Y, Li J, Peng W, Liu C (2014) Association between inflammation and cognitive function and effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 94:3483\u20133487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2014.44.008","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"3291_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.102","volume":"82","author":"RA Darnall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Darnall RA, Chen X, Nemani KV, Sirieix CM, Barjor Gimi, Knoblach S et al (2017) Early postnatal exposure to intermittent hypoxia in rodents is proinflammatory, impairs white matter integrity, and alters brain metabolism. Pediatr Res 82:164\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/pr.2017.102","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"3291_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67677","volume":"123","author":"JJ Iliff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Lee H, Yu M, Feng T, Logan J, Nedergaard M et al (2013) Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI. J Clin Investig 123:1299\u20131309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI67677","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"3291_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shu M-J, Zhai F-F, Zhang D-D, Han F, Zhou L, Ni J et al (2021) Metabolic syndrome, intracranial arterial stenosis and cerebral small vessel disease in community-dwelling populations. Stroke Vascular Neurol 6:svn-2020-000813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/svn-2020-000813.","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2020-000813"},{"key":"3291_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.03.005","volume":"111","author":"S Brodt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brodt S, Inostroza M, Niethard N, Born J (2023) Sleep\u2014A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation. Neuron 111:1050\u20131075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.03.005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3291_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patel TK, Habimana-Griffin L, Gao X, Xu B, Achilefu S, Alitalo K et al Dural lymphatics regulate clearance of extracellular Tau from the CNS. Molecular Neurodegeneration 2019;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-019-0312-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0312-x"},{"key":"3291_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002191","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2022-002191","volume":"8","author":"Y Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian Y, Cai X, Zhou Y, Jin A, Wang S, Yang Y et al (2023) Impaired glymphatic system as evidenced by low diffusivity along perivascular spaces is associated with cerebral small vessel disease: a population-based study. Stroke Vascular Neurol 8:e002191\u2013e002191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/svn-2022-002191","journal-title":"Stroke Vascular Neurol"},{"key":"3291_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(02)01096-6","volume":"36","author":"AK Lee","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lee AK, Wilson MA (2002) Memory of sequential experience in the Hippocampus during slow wave sleep. Neuron 36:1183\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0896-6273(02)01096-6","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3291_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12928","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112928","volume":"23","author":"A Massey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Massey A, Boag MK, Magnier A, Bispo DPCF, Khoo TK, Pountney DL (2022) Glymphatic system dysfunction and sleep disturbance May contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int J Mol Sci 23:12928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232112928","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3291_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roy B, Nunez A, Aysola RS, Kang DW, Vacas S, Kumar R Impaired glymphatic system actions in obstructive sleep apnea adults. Front NeuroSci 2022;16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.884234","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.884234"},{"key":"3291_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zavecz Z, Shah VD, Murillo OG, Vallat R, Mander BA, Winer JR et al (2023) NREM sleep as a novel protective cognitive reserve factor in the face of Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology. BMC Med 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-023-02811-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02811-z"},{"key":"3291_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06225-2","volume":"239","author":"X Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang X, Wang Z, Hu N, Yang Y, Xiong R, Fu Z (2021) Cognition effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients with cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. Exp Brain Res 239:3537\u20133552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-021-06225-2","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"3291_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101446","volume":"58","author":"G Labarca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Labarca G, Schmidt A, Dreyse J, Jorquera J, Enos D, Torres G et al (2021) Efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and resistant hypertension (RH): systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 58:101446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101446","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"}],"container-title":["Sleep and Breathing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03291-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03291-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03291-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T09:21:24Z","timestamp":1747992084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03291-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03291-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-9512","1522-1709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-9512","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Shanghai Fifth People\u2019s Hospital (Ethics No.2024-082) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"130"}}