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However, the sex- and subregion-specific brain vulnerability to IH and its effects on learning, memory, and emotional stability in infants remain unclear. This study investigated sex- and subregion-specific vulnerability to IH in the hippocampus, relating to memory and learning, and in the amygdala, relating to early emotional development in infant rats.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Thirty-six 1-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to IH (IH group) or normoxic air (N group). Learning\/memory functions, emotional behavior, and locomotor activity were examined using the Y-maze apparatus, passive avoidance, and open field tests. The hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and CA3 regions, dentate gyrus (DG), and amygdala were examined to measure <jats:italic>Ntrk2, Hif1a,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Epas1<\/jats:italic> expressions. A two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey\u2013Kramer\u2019s honestly significant difference post-hoc analysis, or non-parametric equivalents and independent t-test were used to assess the data.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>IH exposure negatively regulated long-term spatial memory and anxiety in male and female rats and short-term spatial memory in male rats. IH effects on brain development were validated by the increased expression of <jats:italic>Ntrk2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Epas1<\/jats:italic> mRNA in the DG, <jats:italic>Ntrk2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Hif1a<\/jats:italic> mRNA in the amygdala, and an increase in the immunohistochemically stained areas in the DG and amygdala of only male rats.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These findings provide <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> evidence for sex- and subregion-specific functional linkages between cognitive function and IH, and between anxiety tendency and IH during the early growth period.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-025-03382-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T16:47:25Z","timestamp":1749487645000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex- and subregion-specific vulnerability of the hippocampus and amygdala to intermittent hypoxia in relation to learning\/memory function and anxiety tendencies of infant rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Takenouchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2738-2091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Hosomichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kitanon","family":"Angkanawaraphan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haixin","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chidsanu","family":"Changsiripun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"3382_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093060","volume":"12","author":"M Zaffanello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zaffanello M, Ferrante G, Zoccante L et al (2023) Predictive power of oxygen desaturation index (ODI) and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in detecting long-term neurocognitive and psychosocial outcomes of sleep-disordered breathing in children: a questionnaire-based study. 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