{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:41:17Z","timestamp":1785804077247,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008648","name":"Krajowy Naukowy Osrodek Wiodacy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N41\/DBS\/000688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41\/DBS\/000688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sleep Breath"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-025-03467-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T12:43:11Z","timestamp":1759840991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk of hyperlactatemia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea receiving metformin: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5181-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Kania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Polok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Celejewska-W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Nasta\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"S\u0142adek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Bochenek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3467_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.04.52","volume":"7","author":"JF Garvey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garvey JF, Pengo MF, Drakatos P, Kent BD (2015) Epidemiological aspects of obstructive sleep apnea. J Thorac Dis 7(5):920\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3978\/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.04.52","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3467_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.15","volume":"1","author":"P Levy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Levy P, Kohler M, McNicholas WT, Barbe F, McEvoy RD, Somers VK et al (2015) Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 1(1):15015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2015.15","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"3467_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2008","volume":"90","author":"JA Dempsey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dempsey JA, Veasey SC, Morgan BJ, O\u2019Donnell CP (2010) Pathophysiology of sleep apnea. Physiol Rev 90(1):47\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00043.2008","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"3467_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2014.05.007","volume":"17","author":"M Adeva-Andany","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adeva-Andany M, Lopez-Ojen M, Funcasta-Calderon R, Ameneiros-Rodriguez E, Donapetry-Garcia C, Vila-Altesor M et al (2014) Comprehensive review on lactate metabolism in human health. Mitochondrion 17:76\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mito.2014.05.007","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"issue":"10","key":"3467_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.06.012","volume":"88","author":"LW Andersen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andersen LW, Mackenhauer J, Roberts JC, Berg KM, Cocchi MN, Donnino MW (2013) Etiology and therapeutic approach to elevated lactate levels. Mayo Clin Proc 88(10):1127\u20131140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.06.012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"7","key":"3467_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181a93897","volume":"102","author":"ZZ Ucar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ucar ZZ, Taymaz Z, Erbaycu AE, Kirakli C, Tuksavul F, Guclu SZ (2009) Nocturnal hypoxia and arterial lactate levels in sleep-related breathing disorders. South Med J 102(7):693\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181a93897","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"3467_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2022_581","volume":"274","author":"TIA S\u00f8rensen","year":"2022","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen TIA, Martinez AR, J\u00f8rgensen TSH (2022) Epidemiology of obesity. Handb Exp Pharmacol 274:3\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/164_2022_581","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"issue":"23","key":"3467_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.23.3015","volume":"284","author":"PE Peppard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J (2000) Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing. JAMA 284(23):3015\u20133021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.284.23.3015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3467_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41606-022-00074-w","author":"B Andayeshgar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andayeshgar B, Janatolmakan M, Soroush A, Azizi SM, Khatony A (2022) The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Sci Pract. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41606-022-00074-w","journal-title":"Sleep Sci Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"3467_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0828","volume":"133","author":"E Tasali","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tasali E, Mokhlesi B, Van Cauter E (2008) Obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes: interacting epidemics. Chest 133(2):496\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.07-0828","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"8","key":"3467_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10871014","volume":"10","author":"LS Weisberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weisberg LS (2015) Lactic acidosis in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10(8):1476\u20131483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.10871014","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3467_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6576","volume":"13","author":"RB Berry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berry RB, Brooks R, Gamaldo C, Harding SM, Lloyd RM, Quan SF et al (2017) AASM scoring manual updates for 2017 (version 2.4). J Clin Sleep Med 13(5):665\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.6576","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"3467_CR13","volume-title":"Tietz fundamentals of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics. Eighth edition","author":"N Rifai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rifai N, Horvath AR, Wittwer C, Tietz NW (2019) Tietz fundamentals of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics. Eighth edition. Elsevier Saunders, London"},{"key":"3467_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30958","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30958","volume":"6","author":"H Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu H, Zheng X, Qian Y, Guan J, Yi H, Zou J et al (2016) Metabolomics profiling for obstructive sleep apnea and simple snorers. Sci Rep 6:30958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep30958","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"3467_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103605","volume":"37","author":"WE Huckabee","year":"1958","unstructured":"Huckabee WE (1958) Relationships of pyruvate and lactate during anaerobic metabolism III. effect of breathing low-oxygen gases. J Clin Invest 37(2):264\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI103605","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"3467_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01496-3","volume":"8","author":"R Lv","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lv R, Liu X, Zhang Y, Dong N, Wang X, He Y et al (2023) Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Signal Transduct Target Ther 8(1):218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01496-3","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"3467_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01080-1","volume":"7","author":"Z Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo Z, Tian M, Yang G, Tan Q, Chen Y, Li G et al (2022) Hypoxia signaling in human health and diseases: implications and prospects for therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 7(1):218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-022-01080-1","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"3467_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2012.37","volume":"32","author":"HS Hira","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hira HS, Shukla A, Kaur A, Kapoor S (2012) Serum uric acid and lactate levels among patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: which is a better marker of hypoxemia? Ann Saudi Med 32(1):37\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2012.37","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3467_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1086\/313921","volume":"31","author":"K Brinkman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brinkman K (2000) Editorial response: hyperlactatemia and hepatic steatosis as features of mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Clin Infect Dis 31(1):167\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/313921","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"3467_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-5029(89)90021-7","volume":"35","author":"BA Mizock","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mizock BA (1989) Lactic acidosis. Dis Mon 35(4):233\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0011-5029(89)90021-7","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"issue":"3","key":"3467_CR21","first-page":"91","volume":"19","author":"K Rao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rao K, Babu SG, Shetty UA, Castelino RL, Shetty SR (2017) Serum and salivary lactate dehydrogenase levels as biomarkers of tissue damage among cigarette smokers. A biochemical study. Stomatologija 19(3):91\u201396","journal-title":"Stomatologija"},{"issue":"22","key":"3467_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199811263392206","volume":"339","author":"A Ernst","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ernst A, Zibrak JD (1998) Carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 339(22):1603\u20131608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199811263392206","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3467_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181ef712d","volume":"340","author":"S Sen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sen S, Peltz C, Beard J, Zeno B (2010) Recurrent carbon monoxide poisoning from cigarette smoking. Am J Med Sci 340(5):427\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181ef712d","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"18","key":"3467_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.016","volume":"47","author":"G Cervellin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cervellin G, Comelli I, Rastelli G, Picanza A, Lippi G (2014) Initial blood lactate correlates with carboxyhemoglobin and clinical severity in carbon monoxide poisoned patients. Clin Biochem 47(18):298\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.016","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"25","key":"3467_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199112193252502","volume":"325","author":"FJ Baud","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baud FJ, Barriot P, Toffis V, Riou B, Vicaut E, Lecarpentier Y et al (1991) Elevated blood cyanide concentrations in victims of smoke inhalation. N Engl J Med 325(25):1761\u20131766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199112193252502","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"3467_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/33.7.1228","volume":"33","author":"P Lundquist","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lundquist P, Rosling H, S\u00f6rbo B, Tibbling L (1987) Cyanide concentrations in blood after cigarette smoking, as determined by a sensitive fluorimetric method. Clin Chem 33(7):1228\u20131230","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"3467_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052902","author":"S Sumartiningsih","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sumartiningsih S, Rahayu S, Handoyo E, Lin J-C, Lim CL, Starczewski M et al (2022) Systemic lactate elevation induced by tobacco smoking during rest and exercise is not associated with nicotine. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19052902","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"3467_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Lopez C, Wojeck BS (2023) Role of Metformin in the management of type 2 diabetes: recent advances. Pol Arch Intern Med 133(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20452\/pamw.16511","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16511"},{"issue":"2","key":"3467_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-016-1409-x","volume":"21","author":"T Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin T, Huang JF, Lin QC, Chen GP, Wang BY, Zhao JM et al (2017) The effect of CPAP treatment on venous lactate and arterial blood gas among obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. Sleep Breath 21(2):303\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-016-1409-x","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"3","key":"3467_CR30","first-page":"172","volume":"18","author":"BG Cooper","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cooper BG, White JE, Ashworth LA, Alberti KG, Gibson GJ (1995) Hormonal and metabolic profiles in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and the acute effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. Sleep 18(3):172\u2013179","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"3467_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S181","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S009","volume":"48","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2025","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2025) 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of care in diabetes\u20142025. Diabetes Care 48(Supplement_1):S181\u2013S206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc25-S009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"3467_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee\u00a0(2025)\u00a03. Prevention or delay of diabetes and associated comorbidities: standards of care in diabetes\u20142025. Diabetes Care 48(Supplement_1):S50\u2013S58","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S003"}],"container-title":["Sleep and Breathing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03467-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03467-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03467-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:12:33Z","timestamp":1761127953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03467-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["3467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-025-03467-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-9512","1522-1709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-9512","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee of the Jagiellonian University approved the protocol (approval number 122.6120.102.2015). The study has been conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent s<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->tatement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"309"}}