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Sleep-state dissociation is the prevailing concept of NREM parasomnia-episodes; typically emerging from N3\/N2 stages of NREM sleep\u2019s first cycle at the turning-point of deep sleep and arousal. While these relations provide a frame to understand these conditions, their mechanism and brain-topography remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a systematic search of the literature (1\/01\/2015-20\/06\/2024) on brain-topographies and morphological changes based on neurophysiological and imaging studies in patients with NREM parasomnias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It was shown that immediately preceding clinical episodes, the EEG spectral power of delta and theta frequency-bands increased in parallel with its reduction in the cingulate, motor, and premotor\/supplementary motor cortices. Far from clinical episodes, in NREM and REM sleep as well as in wakefulness, a cortico-cortical sleep-state dissociation occurred, too. In addition, the partial arousals of episodes evolved from \u2018deeper\u2019 sleep with lower-amplitude slow waves, compared to episode-free arousals of the same people with NREM parasomnias. A single MR-morphology study revealed decreased grey-matter volume in the left dorsal posterior cingulate and mid-cingulate cortices in patients with mixed NREM parasomnias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on recent research, the state-dissociation evidenced in clinical episodes might characterize each vigilance state of people with NREM parasomnias, even outside the episodes, making sleep-wake dissociation a trait-like core feature of NREM parasomnias. The anterior cingulo-frontal regions seem to have central roles.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42024552562.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-025-03492-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T06:41:00Z","timestamp":1760510460000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Brain localization and morphological changes in NREM parasomnias. 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