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All participants underwent sleep study prior to the initiation of therapy (T0), followed by a control sleep study after a (3-month) predefined treatment period (T1). Changes in cardiac parameters between baseline (T0) and post-treatment (T1) were analyzed both within each group (MAD and CPAP) and between groups. To enhance comparability between patients treated with MAD and those treated with CPAP, a propensity score matching approach was applied based on pre-treatment variables, in order to minimize selection bias and optimize the validity of the between-group comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For intragroup comparisons, both the MAD and C-PAP groups demonstrated statistically significant reductions in AHI and ODI following treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Additionally, a modest but significant decrease in mean heart rate was noted in both groups (MAD:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.033; CPAP:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). For intergroup comparisons, both treatment modalities resulted in a significant reduction in AHI and ODI values. Regarding heart rate parameters, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups after treatment for mean HR (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.350), minimum HR (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.602), or maximum HR (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.942).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of MAD and CPAP leads to significant improvements in heart rate in patients with OSA. However, no significant differences were found between the two treatment modalities in terms of heart rate reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-025-03494-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T10:59:51Z","timestamp":1759748391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative effects of MAD and CPAP on heart rate in obstructive sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Tondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4382-5074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Lorusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fariba","family":"Esperouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Burlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo Pio","family":"Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Sabato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Scioscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monteleone","family":"Leonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Trono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Tepedino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucio Lo","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donato","family":"Lacedonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Ciavarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"3494_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5","volume":"7","author":"AV Benjafield","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjafield AV (2019) Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: a literature-based analysis. 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