{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:51:43Z","timestamp":1791553903929,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sleep Breath"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is the main treatment for patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Hypoxemic patients with sleep-disordered breathing may require CPAP and additional low-flow oxygen. However, specific recommendations on where to attach the oxygen bleed-in connector are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This randomised cross-over trial assessed the fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO\u2082) in a simulated OSA patient\u2019s lung resulting from different rates of low-flow oxygen (1, 2 and 3\u00a0l\/min) added via three different bleed-in connector locations under different levels of either fixed pressure (5, 9 and 12 cmH\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O) or constant flow (5, 10 and 15\u00a0l\/min) (repeated 3x in random order). The three locations tested in a single-limb circuit with a vented full-face mask were: (1) near the CPAP mask between the mask and tubing, (2) at the tube outlet of the device, and (3) directly connected to the oxygen-port of the device.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The bleed-in connector positioned near the tube outlet generally produced the highest and near the CPAP mask the lowest FiO\u2082. At the highest pressure and flow, FiO\u2082 remained more stable across the locations and oxygen flows of 1\u20133\u00a0l\/min, compared to lower pressure and lower flow. FiO\u2082 differences between locations were notably more pronounced under different flows, ranging from 0 to 22% relative change, compared to a more limited range of 0 to 8.3% under varying CPAP pressures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recommend positioning the oxygen bleed-in connector at the device tube outlet for CPAP devices without an oxygen port, particularly when using lower pressures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-026-03589-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T12:02:37Z","timestamp":1770465757000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of the oxygen supply position in the circuit during continuous positive airway pressure therapy: a randomized cross-over simulation study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Zoe","family":"Bousraou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Benning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Spengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"L\u00fcchinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8840-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther Irene","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 34","key":"3589_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4201","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.08.56","volume":"10","author":"S Ryan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ryan S (2018) Mechanisms of cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep Apnoea. 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