{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:25:56Z","timestamp":1774466756627,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sleep Breath"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-026-03616-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T18:11:55Z","timestamp":1771006315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Benzodiazepines or related drugs and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of cohort studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Yu-lan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai-yin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye-ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3616_CR1","first-page":"339","volume":"64","author":"K Pottie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pottie K, Thompson W, Davies S, Grenier J, Sadowski CA, Welch V et al (2018) Deprescribing benzodiazepine receptor agonists: Evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Can Fam Physician 64(5):339\u2013351","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"3616_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1arrubia-Mar\u00eda MT, Parker LA, Puig-Garc\u00eda M, Fuente-Moreno M, Lumbreras B, Lopez-Pintor E et al (2025) Challenge of long-term benzodiazepine use in primary care: insights from a real-world cohort study in Catalonia. Fam Med Community Health 13(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fmch-2024-003233","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2024-003233"},{"issue":"8","key":"3616_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-025-01220-6","volume":"42","author":"HT Le","year":"2025","unstructured":"Le HT, Lau ECY, Chen W, Lu CY, Nguyen TA, Low LF et al (2025) Prevalence and risk factors for psychotropic medication use in older adults in australia: A nationwide data linkage study. Drugs Aging 42(8):755\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40266-025-01220-6","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"4","key":"3616_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-024-01506-5","volume":"48","author":"A Reimers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Reimers A, Odin P, Ljung H (2025) Drug-Induced cognitive impairment. Drug Saf 48(4):339\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40264-024-01506-5","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"3616_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Trigo FS, Pinto NC, Pato MV (2025) Long-Term Insomnia Treatment with Benzodiazepines and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Syst Rev NeuroSci 6(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurosci6010011","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci6010011"},{"issue":"4","key":"3616_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5048","volume":"34","author":"GQ Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun GQ, Zhang L, Zhang LN, Wu Z, Hu DF (2019) Benzodiazepines or related drugs and risk of pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 34(4):513\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.5048","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"3616_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101866","volume":"73","author":"C Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu C, Leung JCN, Shi J, Lum DH, Lai FTT (2024) Sedative-hypnotics and osteoporotic fractures: A systematic review of observational studies with over six million individuals. Sleep Med Rev 73:101866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101866","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"3616_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peng TR, Yang LJ, Wu TW, Chao YC (2020) Hypnotics and risk of cancer: A Meta-Analysis of observational studies. Med (Kaunas) 56(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina56100513","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56100513"},{"issue":"12","key":"3616_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.10.021","volume":"43","author":"J Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu J, Shen Q, Wang X (2024) Emerging EAT-Lancet planetary health diet is associated with major cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 43(12):167\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.10.021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"3616_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e172","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(25)00009-x","volume":"10","author":"Changing life expectancy in European countries","year":"2025","unstructured":"Changing life expectancy in European countries (2025) 1990\u20132021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet Public Health 10(3):e172\u2013e88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2468-2667(25)00009-x","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"3616_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2016.282","volume":"33","author":"YH Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim YH, Kim HB, Kim DH, Kim JY, Shin HY (2018) Use of hypnotics and the risk of or mortality from heart disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Korean J Intern Med 33(4):727\u2013736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3904\/kjim.2016.282","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3616_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161118666200325102411","volume":"19","author":"TA Manolis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manolis TA, Manolis AA, Apostolopoulos EJ, Melita H, Manolis AS (2021) Cardiovascular complications of sleep disorders: A better night\u2019s sleep for a healthier Heart \/ From bench to bedside. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 19(2):210\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570161118666200325102411","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3616_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199507000-00008","volume":"6","author":"KL Lapane","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lapane KL, Zierler S, Lasater TM, Barbour MM, Carleton R, Hume AL (1995) Is the use of psychotropic drugs associated with increased risk of ischemic heart disease? Epidemiology 6(4):376\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001648-199507000-00008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3616_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12117","volume":"68","author":"WS Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang WS, Muo CH, Chang SN, Chang YJ, Tsai CH, Kao CH (2014) Benzodiazepine use and risk of stroke: a retrospective population-based cohort study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 68(4):255\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pcn.12117","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3616_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/yic.0000000000000161","volume":"32","author":"H Taipale","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taipale H, Koponen M, Tanskanen A, Lavikainen P, Tolppanen AM, Sund R et al (2017) Use of benzodiazepines and related drugs is associated with a risk of stroke among persons with alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 32(3):135\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/yic.0000000000000161","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3616_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01821-5","volume":"18","author":"K Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson K, Loke YK, Fox C, Maidment I, Howard R, Steel N et al (2020) Adverse effects of Z-drugs for sleep disturbance in people living with dementia: a population-based cohort study. BMC Med 18(1):351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-020-01821-5","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"3616_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.04.032","volume":"83","author":"A Haines","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haines A, Shadyab AH, Saquib N, Kamensky V, Stone K, Wassertheil-Smoller S (2021) The association of hypnotics with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in older women with sleep disturbances. Sleep Med 83:304\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.04.032","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3616_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta25010","volume":"25","author":"K Richardson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Richardson K, Savva GM, Boyd PJ, Aldus C, Maidment I, Pakpahan E et al (2021) Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic use for sleep disturbance in people aged over 55 years living with dementia: a series of cohort studies. Health Technol Assess 25(1):1\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta25010","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"3616_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu X, Jong GP, Wang L, Lin MC, Gong SQ, Zhang XH et al (2022) Hypnotics use is associated with elevated incident atrial fibrillation: A Propensity-Score matched analysis of cohort study. J Pers Med 12(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm12101645","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12101645"},{"issue":"12","key":"3616_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13735","volume":"78","author":"R Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang R, Yu H, Wu J, Wang S, Chen H, Wang M et al (2024) Association of benzodiazepine and Z-hypnotic use with cardiovascular disease risk: insights from a prospective study of 10 million people in China. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 78(12):776\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pcn.13735","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"3616_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae263","volume":"32","author":"Y Xie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie Y, Zhu S, Wu S, Liu C, Shen J, Jin C et al (2025) Hypnotic use and the risk of cardiovascular diseases in insomnia patients. Eur J Prev Cardiol 32(6):466\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae263","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"3616_CR22","unstructured":"Higgins JP (2014) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0. The Cochrane collaboration. Available at: https:\/\/cochrane-handbook.org\/."},{"issue":"11","key":"3616_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 21(11):1539\u20131558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.1186","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"7414","key":"3616_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ (Clinical Res ed) 327(7414):557\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res ed)"},{"issue":"7109","key":"3616_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C (1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical Res ed) 315(7109):629\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res ed)"},{"issue":"7568","key":"3616_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.333.7568.597","volume":"333","author":"J Lau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lau J, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Schmid CH, Olkin I (2006) The case of the misleading funnel plot. BMJ (Clinical Res ed) 333(7568):597\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.333.7568.597","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res ed)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3616_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00224-0","volume":"19","author":"A Ghit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghit A, Assal D, Al-Shami AS, Hussein DEE (2021) GABA(A) receptors: structure, function, pharmacology, and related disorders. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 19(1):123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43141-021-00224-0","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3616_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.63.6.981","volume":"63","author":"SM Ayres","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ayres SM, Mueller H (1973) Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and cardiac arrhythmias: the importance of regional abnormalities of vascular distensibility. Chest 63(6):981\u2013985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.63.6.981","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3616_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474870","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/474870","volume":"2012","author":"K Tsuda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsuda K (2012) Renin-Angiotensin system and sympathetic neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system of hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2012:474870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/474870","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"issue":"2","key":"3616_CR30","first-page":"214","volume":"13","author":"CE Griffin 3rd","year":"2013","unstructured":"Griffin CE 3rd, Kaye AM, Bueno FR, Kaye AD (2013) Benzodiazepine Pharmacology and central nervous system-mediated effects. Ochsner J 13(2):214\u2013223","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3616_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01304-0","volume":"710","author":"S Schwartz-Giblin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schwartz-Giblin S, McCarthy MM, Robbins A (1996) The medullary reticular formation is a site of muscle relaxant action of diazepam on deep back and neck muscles in the female rat. Brain Res 710(1\u20132):178\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01304-0","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"3616_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2023.06.002","volume":"24","author":"L Shao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shao L, Shi Y, Xie XY, Wang Z, Wang ZA, Zhang JE (2023) Incidence and risk factors of falls among older people in nursing homes: systematic review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc 24(11):1708\u20131717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2023.06.002","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"3616_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2025.05.001","volume":"41","author":"S Badie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Badie S, Mahmud M, Williamson D, Burry L (2025) Pharmacology of commonly used sedative agents. Crit Care Clin 41(4):625\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccc.2025.05.001","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"}],"container-title":["Sleep and Breathing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-026-03616-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11325-026-03616-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-026-03616-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T18:14:19Z","timestamp":1774462459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11325-026-03616-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-026-03616-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-9512","1522-1709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-9512","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No ethical approval was required for this review as all data were already published in peer-reviewed journals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No specific funding for the purpose of this meta-analysis was received from any bodies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"49"}}