{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:22:35Z","timestamp":1787062955298,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sleep Breath"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-026-03656-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T18:31:23Z","timestamp":1774377083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Craniofacial endotype of obstructive sleep apnea: Spatial matrix hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6993-1263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. Dave","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3656_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23758-w","volume":"12","author":"MA Mol\u00e8","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mol\u00e8 MA, Coorens THH, Shahbazi MN et al (2021) A single cell characterisation of human embryogenesis identifies pluripotency transitions and putative anterior hypoblast centre. Nat Commun 12:3679","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3656_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199909000-00001","volume":"46","author":"L Wolpert","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wolpert L (1999) Vertebrate limb development and malformations. Pediatr Res 46:247\u2013254","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"3656_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2000285","volume":"21","author":"GH Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin GH, Zhang L (2020) Apical ectodermal ridge regulates three principal axes of the developing limb. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 21:757\u2013766","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"3656_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10382","volume":"19","author":"Y Ben Sason","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ben Sason Y, Oksenberg A, Sobel JA et al (2023) Characteristics of patients with positional OSA according to ethnicity and the identification of a novel phenotype-lateral positional patients: A multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) study. J Clin Sleep Med 19:529\u2013538","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"3656_CR5","first-page":"562","volume":"7","author":"ST Huang","year":"1991","unstructured":"Huang ST, Lin JJ, Chang CS et al (1991) A dental anthropological study of Chinese in Taiwan. Craniofacial morphology. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 7:562\u2013581","journal-title":"Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"3656_CR6","first-page":"507","volume":"69","author":"GD Singh","year":"1999","unstructured":"Singh GD, McNamara JA Jr, Lozanoff S (1999) Allometry of the cranial base in prepubertal Korean subjects with class III malocclusions: finite element morphometry. Angle Orthod 69:507\u2013514","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"3656_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1993.tb04759.x","volume":"38","author":"KK Lew","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lew KK, Foong WC, Loh E (1993) Malocclusion prevalence in an ethnic Chinese population. Aust Dent J 38:442\u2013449","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"3656_CR8","first-page":"89","volume":"23","author":"SM Banabilh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Banabilh SM, Suzina AH, Dinsuhaimi S et al (2007) Cranial base and airway morphology in adult malays with obstructive sleep apnoea. Aust Orthod J 23:89\u201395","journal-title":"Aust Orthod J"},{"key":"3656_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118355","volume":"10","author":"TE Parsons","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parsons TE, Downey CM, Jirik FR et al (2015) Mind the gap: genetic manipulation of basicranial growth within synchondroses modulates calvarial and facial shape in mice through epigenetic interactions. PLoS ONE 10:e0118355","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3656_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31876","volume":"135","author":"K Miyamura","year":"2025","unstructured":"Miyamura K, Nakashima D, Nakayama T et al (2025) Morphology of nasal septal deviation in obstructive sleep apnea patients and its treatment method. Laryngoscope 135:1520\u20131524","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"3656_CR11","volume-title":"Craniofacial Development","author":"GH Sperber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sperber GH (2001) Craniofacial Development. BC Decker, Hamilton"},{"key":"3656_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2319\/110523-736.1","volume":"94","author":"SAA Osman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Osman SAA, Abu Alhaija E, AlWahadni AM et al (2024) Evaluation of nasal septal deviation and maxillary bone and nasal airway dimensions and volumes using cone-beam computed tomography in patients with unilateral palatal canine displacement: a retrospective study. Angle Orthod 94:421\u2013431","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"3656_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.11694","volume":"21","author":"GD Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh GD, Battle J (2025) Integrative treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: principles and practice. J Clin Sleep Med 21:1591\u20131596","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"3656_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.124.6.656","volume":"124","author":"NC Saunders","year":"1998","unstructured":"Saunders NC, Birchall MA, Armstrong SJ et al (1998) Morphometry of paranasal sinus anatomy in chronic rhinosinusitis: a pilot study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124:656\u2013658","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"3656_CR15","volume-title":"On growth and form: Spatio-temporal patterning in biology","author":"MAJ Chaplain","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chaplain MAJ, Singh GD, McLachlan JC (1999) On growth and form: Spatio-temporal patterning in biology. John Wiley and Sons Publishers, England"},{"key":"3656_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2023.11.002","volume":"57","author":"JK Callander","year":"2024","unstructured":"Callander JK, Chang JL (2024) Treatment of the nose for patients with sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 57:491\u2013500","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"3656_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2020.02.002","volume":"53","author":"Y Cai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai Y, Goldberg AN, Chang JL (2020) The nose and nasal breathing in sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 53:385\u2013395","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"3656_CR18","first-page":"47","volume":"61","author":"CC Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang CC, Lee CC, Wu PW et al (2023) Sleep impairment in patients with empty nose syndrome. Rhinology 61:47\u201353","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"3656_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology30020017","volume":"30","author":"N Dao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dao N, Cozean C, Chernyshev O et al (2023) Retrospective analysis of real-world data for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with slow maxillary expansion using a unique expansion dental appliance (DNA). Pathophysiology 30:99\u2013208","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"3656_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-021-00397-x","volume":"23","author":"DP Brunetto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brunetto DP, Moschik CE, Dominguez-Mompell R et al (2022) Mini-implant assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) effects on adult obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and quality of life: a multi-center prospective controlled trial. Prog Orthod 23:3","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"3656_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12102","volume":"40","author":"N Bach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bach N, Tuomilehto H, Gauthier C et al (2013) The effect of surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion on sleep architecture: an exploratory risk study in healthy young adults. J Oral Rehabil 40:818\u2013825","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"3656_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.06.002","volume":"65","author":"A Yoon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoon A, Guilleminault C, Zaghi S et al (2020) Distraction Osteogenesis Maxillary Expansion (DOME) for adult obstructive sleep apnea patients with narrow maxilla and nasal floor. Sleep Med 65:172\u2013176","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3656_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-020-00321-9","volume":"21","author":"O Colak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colak O, Paredes NA, Elkenawy I et al (2020) Tomographic assessment of palatal suture opening pattern and pterygopalatine suture disarticulation in the axial plane after midfacial skeletal expansion. Prog Orthod 21:21","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"3656_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599817707168","volume":"157","author":"SY Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu SY, Guilleminault C, Huon LK et al (2017) Distraction Osteogenesis Maxillary Expansion (DOME) for adult obstructive sleep apnea patients with high arched palate. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 157:345\u2013348","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"3656_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061928","volume":"14","author":"U Hanai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hanai U, Muramatsu H, Akamatsu T (2025) Maxillary bone fracture due to a miniscrew-assisted rapid maxillary expansion: A case report. J Clin Med 14:1928","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"3656_CR26","first-page":"19","volume":"21","author":"Y Mitani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mitani Y, Banabilh SM, Singh GD (2010) Craniofacial changes in patients with Class III malocclusion treated with the RAMPA system. Int J Orthod 21:19\u201325","journal-title":"Int J Orthod"},{"key":"3656_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.23903","volume":"242","author":"N Mart\u00ednez-Abad\u00edas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Abad\u00edas N, Motch SM, Pankratz TL et al (2013) Tissue-specific responses to aberrant FGF signaling in complex head phenotypes. Dev Dyn 242:80\u201394","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"3656_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.08.020","volume":"76","author":"C Luna-Paredes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luna-Paredes C, Ant\u00f3n-Pacheco JL, Garc\u00eda Hern\u00e1ndez G et al (2012) Screening for symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in children with severe craniofacial anomalies: Assessment in a multidisciplinary unit. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 76:1767\u20131770","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"3656_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2020.06.007","volume":"48","author":"K Dowgierd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dowgierd K, Larysz D, Szymor P et al (2020) Alterations of upper airway volume caused by Le Fort III osteodistraction in children. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 48:825\u2013831","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"3656_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(77)90187-7","volume":"71","author":"T Kambara","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kambara T (1977) Dentofacial changes produced by extraoral forward force in the Macaca irus. Am J Orthod 71:249\u2013277","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"3656_CR31","volume-title":"The elements of experimental embryology","author":"GR de Beer","year":"1934","unstructured":"de Beer GR, Huxley JS (1934) The elements of experimental embryology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"3656_CR32","unstructured":"van der Klaauw CJ (1948\u20131952) Size and position of the functional components of the skull. Arch Neerland Zool 8:1\u2013555"},{"key":"3656_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330180406","volume":"18","author":"ML Moss","year":"1960","unstructured":"Moss ML, Young RW (1960) A functional approach to craniology. Am J Phys Anthropol 18:281\u2013292","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3656_CR34","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management","author":"VG Kokich","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kokich VG (1986) Biology of sutures. In: Cohen MM (ed) Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management. Raven Press, New York, pp 81\u2013103"},{"key":"3656_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/014556130007900708","volume":"79","author":"S Kawashima","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kawashima S, Niikuni N, Chia-hung L et al (2000) Cephalometric comparisons of craniofacial and upper airway structures in young children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Ear Nose Throat J 79:499\u2013502, 505-506","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"3656_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-024-00524-4","volume":"25","author":"RH Kazmierski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kazmierski RH (2024) Obstructive sleep apnea: what is an orthodontist\u2019s role? Prog Orthod 25:21","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"3656_CR37","first-page":"26","volume":"1","author":"R Korngut","year":"2010","unstructured":"Korngut R (2010) Case study: a persistent positive outcome treating OSA with a MAD following the treatment protocol. Dialogue 1:26\u201327","journal-title":"Dialogue"},{"key":"3656_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2011.13276","volume":"141","author":"K Sutherland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sutherland K, Cistulli P (2011) Mandibular advancement splints for the treatment of sleep apnea syndrome. Swiss Med Wkly 141:w13276","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"3656_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2025.111709","volume":"201","author":"BU Winter","year":"2025","unstructured":"Winter BU, Mew J (2025) Hyoid slump hypothesis: a rational approach to understanding obstructive sleep apnea and related airway disorders. Med Hypoth 201:111709","journal-title":"Med Hypoth"},{"key":"3656_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7030100","volume":"7","author":"A Vito","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vito A, Cammaroto G, Chong KB et al (2019) Drug-induced sleep endoscopy: clinical application and surgical outcomes. Healthcare (Basel) 7:100","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"3656_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.07.018","volume":"133","author":"TM Weiss","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weiss TM, Atanasov S, Calhoun KH (2005) The association of tongue scalloping with obstructive sleep apnea and related sleep pathology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133:966\u2013971","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"3656_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1179\/crn.2009.017","volume":"27","author":"GD Singh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Singh GD, Keropian B, Pillar G (2009) Effects of the full breath solution appliance for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: A preliminary study. Cranio 27:109\u2013117","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"3656_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.3.9912067","volume":"162","author":"A Malhotra","year":"2000","unstructured":"Malhotra A, Pillar G, Fogel RB et al (2000) Genioglossal but not palatal muscle activity relates closely to pharyngeal pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:1058\u20131062","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3656_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-022-02644-9","volume":"27","author":"B Nokes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nokes B, Baptista PM, de Apodaca PMR et al (2023) Transoral awake state neuromuscular electrical stimulation therapy for mild obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 27:527\u2013534","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"3656_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-2614","volume":"140","author":"J Steier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steier J, Seymour J, Rafferty GF et al (2011) Continuous transcutaneous submental electrical stimulation in obstructive sleep apnea: a feasibility study. Chest 140:998\u20131007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3656_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209077","volume":"71","author":"PJ Strollo Jr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Strollo PJ Jr, Malhotra A (2016) Stimulating therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea. Thorax 71:879\u2013880","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"3656_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400901","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00901-2024","volume":"65","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Y, Schwartz AR, Zealear D et al (2025) Ansa cervicalis stimulation effects on upper airway patency: A structure-based analysis. Eur Respir J 65:2400901","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"3656_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00076.2021","volume":"131","author":"DT Kent","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kent DT, Scott WC, Zealear D et al (2021) Ansa cervicalis stimulation increases pharyngeal patency in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol 131:487\u2013495","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3656_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.912","volume":"171","author":"HE Noh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Noh HE, Rha MS, Jeong Y et al (2024) Outcomes and predictors of success following multilevel surgery in positional and nonpositional obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 171:1562\u20131571","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"3656_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2022.2111494","volume":"40","author":"D Dewald","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dewald D (2022) Rethinking the muscles of obstructive sleep apnea. Cranio 40:389\u2013391","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"3656_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-018-1513-2","volume":"71","author":"VK Agrawal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agrawal VK, Kodur S, Jha RH (2019) A novel grading system for salpingopharyngeal fold hypertrophy in obstructive sleep apnoea. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 71:60\u201365","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"3656_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/51901","volume":"9","author":"P Roberge","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roberge P, Ruel J, B\u00e9gin-Drolet A et al (2024) Preliminary assessment of an ambulatory device dedicated to upper airway muscle training in patients with sleep apnea: proof-of-concept study. JMIR Biomed Eng 9:e51901","journal-title":"JMIR Biomed Eng"},{"key":"3656_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38705.470590.55","volume":"332","author":"MA Puhan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Puhan MA, Suarez A, Lo Cascio C et al (2006) Didgeridoo playing as alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 332:266\u2013270","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3656_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7636","volume":"15","author":"K Sedky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sedky K, Gaisl T, Bennett DS (2019) Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in joint hypermobility syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med 15:293\u2013299","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"3656_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35953","volume":"161A","author":"T Takenouchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takenouchi T, Saito H, Maruoka R et al (2013) Severe obstructive sleep apnea in Loeys-Dietz syndrome successfully treated using continuous positive airway pressure. Am J Med Genet A 161A:1733\u20131736","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"3656_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209560","volume":"72","author":"T Gaisl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gaisl T, Giunta C, Bratton DJ et al (2017) Obstructive sleep apnoea and quality of life in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a parallel cohort study. Thorax 72:729\u2013735","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"3656_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.08.014","volume":"63","author":"J Pirnar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pirnar J, \u0160irok B, Bomba\u010d A (2017) Effect of airway surface liquid on the forces on the pharyngeal wall: experimental fluid-structure interaction study. J Biomech 63:117\u2013124","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3656_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doherty LS, Nolan P, McNicholas (1985) Effects of topical anesthesia on upper airway resistance during wake-sleep transitions. J Appl Physiol 99:549\u2013555","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01221.2004"},{"key":"3656_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/19.10.827","volume":"19","author":"RL Horner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Horner RL (1996) Motor control of the pharyngeal musculature and implications for the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 19:827\u2013853","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3656_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00417.2018","volume":"127","author":"F Erdogan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Erdogan F, Sahin M (1985) Genioglossal response to mechanical vibrations of the mandible and the submandibular muscles. J Appl Physiol 127:11\u201321","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3656_CR61","first-page":"161","volume":"48","author":"GD Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh GD, Sabet J, Wood S, Battle J (2025) Pharyngeal biostimulation for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 48:161","journal-title":"Sleep"}],"container-title":["Sleep and Breathing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-026-03656-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11325-026-03656-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11325-026-03656-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:02:42Z","timestamp":1779206562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11325-026-03656-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-026-03656-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-9512","1522-1709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-9512","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Professor G. Dave Singh is the Founder of REMA Sleep, Inc.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"106"}}