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However, monitoring sleep parameters over time with objective measures remains underreported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate longitudinal changes in actigraphy-derived sleep parameters from the subacute to later stages after stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal observational study included 18 individuals with stroke who completed seven-day wrist-actigraphy monitoring at baseline and at the most distal valid follow-up assessment obtained more than three months after stroke. The median interval between assessments was 161 days (IQR 102.3\u2013194.0). Time in bed, total sleep time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset (WASO), and number of awakenings were compared using paired t-tests. Mean paired differences, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and Cohen\u2019s d effect sizes were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No statistically significant longitudinal changes were detected. Mean changes were \u2212\u20090.12\u00a0h for time in bed (95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20090.73 to 0.49), \u2212\u20090.05\u00a0h for total sleep time (95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20090.59 to 0.50), \u2212\u20097.93\u00a0min for sleep latency (95% CI\u2009\u2212\u200919.55 to 3.69), \u2212\u20090.36% points for sleep efficiency (95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20094.19 to 3.48), 3.63\u00a0min for WASO (95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20099.22 to 16.48), and 0.43 for number of awakenings (95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20090.74 to 1.59). Effect sizes were small, and exploratory individual-level analysis showed increased sleep efficiency in 10 participants and decreased sleep efficiency in 8.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis showed no statistically significant changes in sleep patterns between the subacute phase and the follow-up. While sleep metrics remained outside normal ranges at both time points, the small and heterogeneous sample, along with wide confidence intervals, prevents any definitive conclusions about long-term trends or causes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-026-03810-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:01:04Z","timestamp":1789534864000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trajectories of sleep disturbances in the subacute phase after stroke: a longitudinal actigraphy study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9258-866X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruani Ara\u00fajo","family":"Ten\u00f3rio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isadora Grade","family":"Biasibetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Tereza","family":"Mota Alvarenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luci Fuscaldi","family":"Teixeira-Salmela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Roberto","family":"Avelino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andressa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline Alvim","family":"Scianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211065917","volume":"17","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B, Martins S, Sacco RL, Hacke W, Fisher M, Pandian J, Lindsay P (2022) World Stroke Organization (WSO): Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022. 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This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CAAE: 65769022.6.0000.5149).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"261"}}